Psychiatry Research
Volume 105, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , 15 December 2001

Pre- and post-disaster negative life events in relation to the incidence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder

  • Michael Maes

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
    • Clinical Research Center for Mental Health (CRC-MH), Limburg, Belgium
    • Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
    • IRCCS, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
    • http://users.skynet.be/crc.mh
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Maastricht, Postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-43-3877443; fax: +31-43-3875444, +32-89-723531
  • ,
  • Jacques Mylle

      Affiliations

    • Royal Military School, Brussels, Belgium
  • ,
  • Laure Delmeire

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Research Center for Mental Health (CRC-MH), Limburg, Belgium
  • ,
  • Alexander Janca

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Royal University of Perth, Perth, Australia

Received 21 November 2000 ,Revised 27 August 2001 ,Accepted 19 September 2001.

References 

  1. Agid O, Kohn Y, Lerer B. Environmental stress and psychiatric illness. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2000;54:135–141
  2. Alonzo AA. The experience of chronic illness and post-traumatic stress disorder: the consequences of cumulative adversity. Social Sciences in Medicine. 2000;50:1475–1484
  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. revised,. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987;
  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  5. Baur KM, Hardy PE, Van Dorsten B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in burn populations: a critical review of the literature. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 1998;19:230–240
  6. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ. Motor vehicle accident survivors and PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly. 1998;9:1–6
  7. Ehlers A, Mayou RA, Bryant B. Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998;107:508–519
  8. Epstein RS, Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder following an air disaster: a prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:934–938
  9. Fontana A, Rosenheck R. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam Theater Veterans. A causal model of etiology in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994;182:677–684
  10. Fukuda S, Morimoto K, Mure K, Maruyama S. Posttraumatic stress and change in lifestyle among the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake victims. Preventive Medicine. 1999;29:147–151
  11. Janca A, Üstün TB, Sartorius N. New versions of World Health Organization instruments for the assessment of mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1994;90:73–83
  12. Joy D, Probert R, Bisson JI, Shepherd JP. Posttraumatic stress reactions after injury. Journal of Trauma. 2000;48:490–494
  13. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO. Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the ‘kindling’ hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:1243–1251
  14. King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:420–434
  15. McFarlane AC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a model of the longitudinal course and the role of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 5):15–23
  16. Maes M. Editorial: risk and preventive factors of post-traumatic stress disorder and its comorbid disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2000;13:587–589
  17. Maes M, Delmeire L, Schotte C, Janca A, Creten T, Mylle J, et al. Epidemiologic and phenomenological aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: DSM-III-R diagnosis and diagnostic criteria not validated. Psychiatry Research. 1998;81:179–193
  18. Maes M, Delmeire L, Schotte C, Janca A, Creten T, Mylle J, et al. The two-factorial symptom structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: depression–avoidance and arousal–anxiety. Psychiatry Research. 1998;81:195–210
  19. Maes M, Mylle J, Delmeire L, Altamura C. Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity following accidental man made traumatic events: incidence rate and risk factors. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Science. 2000;250:156–162
  20. Maes M, Delmeire L, Mylle J, Altamura C. Risk and preventive factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): alcohol consumption and intoxication prior to a traumatic event diminishes the relative risk to develop PTSD in response to that trauma. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001;63:113–121
  21. Mazure CM, Bruce ML, Maciejewski PK, Jacobs SC. Adverse life events and cognitive-personality characteristics in the prediction of major depression and antidepressant response. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:896–903
  22. Michaels AJ, Michaels CE, Zimmerman MA, Smith JS, Moon CH, Peterson C. Posttraumatic stress disorder in injured adults: etiology by path analysis. Journal of Trauma. 1999;47:867–873
  23. Mundt C, Reck C, Backenstrass M, Kronmuller K, Fiedler P. Reconfirming the role of life events for the timing of depressive episodes. A two-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000;59:23–30
  24. Peters L, Andrews G, Cottler LB, Chatter S, Janca A, Smeets RMW. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Module: preliminary data. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1996;6:167–174
  25. Smeets, R.M.R., Dingemans, P.M.A.J., 1993. Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 1.1, Interviewers Version, Dutch translation. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  26. Solomon Z. The effect of prior stressful experience on coping with war trauma and captivity. Psychological Medicine. 1995;25:1289–1294
  27. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview According to DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990;
  28. Tjemsland L, Soreide JA, Malt UF. Posttraumatic distress symptoms in operable breast cancer III: status one year after surgery. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1998;47:141–151

PII: S0165-1781(01)00325-0

Psychiatry Research
Volume 105, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , 15 December 2001