Psychiatry Research
Volume 109, Issue 3 , Pages 245-253 , 15 April 2002

Temporal association between childhood psychopathology and substance use disorders: findings from a sample of adults with opioid or alcohol dependency

Received 23 April 2001 ,Revised 18 January 2002 ,Accepted 22 January 2002.

References 

  1. Ambrosini PJ. Historical development and present status of the Schedule For Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:49–58
  2. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Benjamin J, Krifcher B. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit disorder: patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives in psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:728–738
  3. Biederman J, Wilens TE, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;152:1652–1658
  4. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone S, Weber W, Curtis S, et al. Is ADHD a risk for psychoactive substance use disorder? Findings from a four year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:21–29
  5. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T. Does attention deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence?. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;44:269–273
  6. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Spencer T, Faraone S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e20
  7. Block J, Block JH, Keyes S. Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence: early childhood personality and environmental precursors. Child Development. 1988;59:336–355
  8. Brook J, Cohen P, Brook D. Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998;37:322–330
  9. Bukstein OG, Brent DA, Kaminer Y. Comorbidity of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989;146:1131–1141
  10. Bukstein OG, Glancy LJ, Kaminer Y. Patterns of affective comorbidity in a clinical population of dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;31:1041–1045
  11. Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey MH, Noumair D. Age of alcoholism onset: I. Relationship to psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;46:225–230
  12. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993;34:75–82
  13. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Psychopathology as risk for adolescent substance use disorders: a developmental psychopathology perspective. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999;28:355–365
  14. Clark DB, Smith MG, Neighbors BD, Skerlec LM, Randall J. Anxiety disorders in adolescence: characteristics, prevalence, and comorbidities. Clinical Psychology Review. 1994;14:113–137
  15. Clark DB, Pollock N, Bukstein OG, Mezzich AC, Bromberger JT, Donovan JE. Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:1195–1203
  16. Clark DB, Parker AM, Lynch KG. Psychopathology and substance-related problems during early adolescence: a survival analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999;28:333–341
  17. Cloninger CR, Sigvardsson S, Bohman M. Childhood personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1988;12:494–505
  18. Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J, et al. An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence—I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1993;34:851–867
  19. Compton WM, Cottler LB, Phelps DL, Abdallah AB, Spitznagel EL. Psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: are they primary or secondary. American Journal of Addictions. 2000;9:126–134
  20. Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Federman E, Angold A. Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: effects of timing and sex. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999;28:298–311
  21. Crowley T, Mikulich S, MacDonald M, Young S, Zerbe G. Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: severity of diagnosis predicts 20-year outcome. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1995;49:225–237
  22. Deykin EY, Levy JC, Wells V. Adolescent depression, alcohol, and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health. 1986;76:178–182
  23. Dunner, D.L., Feinman, J., 1995. The effect of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder. Presented at the American College of Neuropharmacology, Puerto Rico, p. 171.
  24. Hollingshead AB. Four Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1975;
  25. Hovens JG, Cantwell DP, Kiriakos R. Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized adolescent substance abusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994;33:476–483
  26. Irwin M, Schuckit M, Smith TL. Clinical importance of age at onset in type 1 and type 2 primary alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:320–324
  27. Kaminer Y, Bukstein O. Adolescent chemical use and dependence: current issues in epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica. 1989;79:415–424
  28. Kandel DB, Johnson JG, Bird H, Canino G, Goodman SH, Lahey BB, et al. Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: findings from the methods for the epidemiology of child and adolescent mental disorders (MECA) study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1997;25:122–132
  29. Kashani JH, Keller MB, Solomon N, Reid JC, Mazzola D. Double depression in adolescent substance abusers. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1985;8:153–157
  30. Kessler RC, Crum R, Warner L, Nelson C, Schulenberg J, Anthony J. Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM IIIR alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997;54:313–321
  31. Klein DF, Gittelman R, Quitkin F, Rifkin A. Diagnosis and drug treatment of childhood disorders. In:  Klein DF,  Gittelman R,  Quitkin F,  Rifkin A editor. Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Adults and Children. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1980;p. 590–775
  32. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985;142:1259–1264
  33. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1997;4:231–244
  34. Lahey B, Applegate B, Barkley R, Garfinkel B, McBurnett K, Kerdyk L, et al. DSM-IV field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:1163–1172
  35. Levin F, Evans SM, Lugo L, Seham J, Baird D, Kleber H. In: ADHD in cocaine abusers: psychiatric comorbidity and pattern of drug use. San Juan: Presented at the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 1996;p. 56
  36. Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M, White HR. Developmental aspects of delinquency and internalizing problems and their association with persistent juvenile substance use between ages 7 and 18. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999;28:322–332
  37. Medicine IO. Research on Children and Adolescents with Mental, Behavioral, and Developmental Disorders. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990;
  38. Mennin D, Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV. Towards defining a meaningful anxiety phenotpye for research in ADHD children. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2000;3:192–199
  39. Merikangas K, Stolar M, Stevens D, Goulet J, Preisig M, Fenton B, et al. Familial transmission of substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:973–979
  40. Merikangas KR, Mehta RL, Molnar BE, Walters EE, Swendsen JD, Aguilar-Gaziola S, et al. Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders; results of the International consortium in psychiatric epidemiology. Addictive Behavior. 1998;23:893–907
  41. Orvaschel H. Psychiatric interviews suitable for use in research with children and adolescents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1985;21:737–748
  42. Robins LN. Deviant Children Grown Up. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1966;
  43. Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;35:101–109
  44. Rosenthal RN, Westreich L. Treatment of persons with dual diagnosis of substance use disorders and other psychological problems. In:  McCrady BS,  Epstein EE editor. Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999;
  45. Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Milberger S, Lockhart N, Kruger M, Kelley BJ, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among substance abusers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61:244–251
  46. Schuckit MA, Hesselbrock V. Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: what is the relationship?. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:1723–1734
  47. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Radziminski S, Heyneman EK. Behavioral symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses among 162 children in nonalcoholic or alcoholic families. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:1881–1883
  48. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:624–629
  49. Tremblay RE, Pihl RO, Vitaro F, Dobkin PL. Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:732–739
  50. Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, True W, Lin N, et al. Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996;67:473–477
  51. Turnbull J, George L, Landerman R, Swartz M, Blazer D. Social outcomes related to age of onset among psychiatric disorders. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology. 1990;58:832–839
  52. Weiss RD. The role of psychopathology in the transition from drug use to abuse and dependence. In:  Glantz M,  Pickens R editor. Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association Press; 1992;p. 137–148
  53. Weinberg NZ, Glantz MD. Child psychopathology risk factors for drug abuse: overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999;28:290–297
  54. Wilens TE, Prince JB, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Frances RJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use disorders in adults. Psychiatric Services: A Journal of the American Psychiatric Association. 1995;46:761–763
  55. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997;185:475–482
  56. Wilens T, Biederman J, Mick E. Does ADHD affect the course of substance abuse? Findings from a sample of adults with and without ADHD. American Journal on Addictions. 1998;7:156–163
  57. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Millstein R, Wozniak J, Hahesy A, Spencer TJ. Risk for substance use disorders in youth with child- and adolescent-onset bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;38:680–685
  58. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Milberger S, Hahesy AL, Goldman S, Wozniak J, et al. Is bipolar disorder a risk for cigarette smoking in ADHD youth?. American Journal on Addictions. 2000;9:187–195
  59. Wilens, T., Biederman, J., Bredin, B., Hahesy, A., Abrantes, A., Neft, D., Millstein, R., Spencer, T., 2002. A family study of the high risk children of opioid and alcohol dependent parents. American Journal of Addictions, in press.

PII: S0165-1781(02)00015-X

Psychiatry Research
Volume 109, Issue 3 , Pages 245-253 , 15 April 2002