Psychiatry Research
Volume 120, Issue 2 , Pages 131-144 , 30 September 2003

Automatic processing of verbal emotion stimuli in schizophrenia

Received 17 September 2002 ,Revised 29 May 2003 ,Accepted 16 June 2003.

References 

  1. Alexander PJ, Mathai PJ. The negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 1988;11:33–42
  2. American Psychiatric Association . DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  3. Andreasen, N.C., 1984. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City
  4. Andreasen NC. The diagnosis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:9–22
  5. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). British Journal of Psychiatry. 1989;155(Suppl. 7):53–58
  6. Barch DM, Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D, Steingard S, Steinhauer SS, van Kammen DP. Semantic priming in schizophrenia: an examination of spreading activation using word pronunciation and multiple SOAs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996;105:592–601
  7. Bargh JA, Chaiken S, Govender R, Pratto F. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1992;62:893–912
  8. Bargh JA, Chaiken S, Raymond P, Hymes C. The automatic evaluation effect: unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1996;32:104–128
  9. Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist. 1999;54:462–479
  10. Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. The mind in the middle. A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In:  Reis HT,  Judd CM editor. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000;p. 253–285
  11. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Depression Inventory–Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1987;
  12. Beringer J. Experimental run time system. Version 3.28. User's Manual. Frankfurt: BeriSoft; 1999;
  13. Bradley BP, Mogg K, Falla SJ, Hamilton JR. Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: manipulation of stimulus duration. Cognition and Emotion. 1998;12:737–753
  14. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: behavior, feeling and physiology. In:  Lane R,  Nadel L editor. Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 242–276
  15. Burgdörfer G, Hautzinger M. Physische und soziale Anhedonie. Die Evaluation eines Forschungsinstrumentes zur Messung einer psychopathologischen Basisstörung. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 1987;236:223–229
  16. Celex, 1995. The Celex Lexical Database, Release 2. Centre for Lexical Information, Nijmegen
  17. Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML. Scales for Physical and Social Anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976;85:374–382
  18. Curtis CE, Lebow B, Lake DS, Katsanis J, Iacono WG. Acoustic startle reflex in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: evidence of normal emotional modulation. Psychophysiology. 1999;36:469–475
  19. Davis MC. A New Look at the Role of Spreading Activation in Affective Priming. Providence, RI: Brown University; 1997;
  20. de Houwer J, Hermans D, Spruyt A. Affective priming of pronunciation responses: effects of target degradation. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology. 2001;37:85–91
  21. Duclos SE, Laird JD. The deliberate control of emotional experience through control of expressions. Cognition and Emotion. 2001;15:27–56
  22. Dworkin RH, Oster H, Clark SC, White SR. Affective expression and affective experience in schizophrenia. In:  Lenzenweger MF,  Dworkin RH editor. Origins and Development of Schizophrenia. Washington: American Psychological Association; 1998;p. 385–424
  23. Fazio RH. On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: an overview. Cognition and Emotion. 2001;15:115–141
  24. Fazio RH, Sanbonmatsu DM, Powell MC, Kardes FR. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;50:229–238
  25. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH. Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes. II. Positive and negative symptoms and long-term course. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:978–986
  26. Frijda N. The Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1986;
  27. Giner-Sorolla R, Garcia MT, Bargh JA. The automatic evaluation of pictures. Social Cognition. 1999;17:76–96
  28. Gotlib IH, McLachlan A, Katz AN. Biases in visual attention in depressed and non-depressed individuals. Cognition and Emotion. 1988;2:185–200
  29. Hautzinger, M., Bailer, M., Worall, H., Keller, F., 1995. Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI). Huber, Bern
  30. Hermans D, de Houwer J, Eelen P. The affective priming effect: automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion. 1994;8:515–533
  31. Hermans D, de Houwer J, Eelen P. Evaluative decision latencies mediated by induced affective states. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996;34:483–488
  32. Hermans D, van den Broeck A, Eelen P. Affective priming using a color-naming task: a test of an affective motivational account of affective priming effects. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie. 1998;45:136–148
  33. Höschel K, Irle E. Emotional priming of facial affect identification in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2001;27:317–327
  34. Izard CE, Dougherty FE, Bloxom BM, Kotsch WE. The Differential Emotions Scale: A Method of Measuring the Subjective Experience of Discrete Emotions. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University; 1974;
  35. Kerns JG, Berenbaum H. Aberrant semantic and affective processing in people at risk for psychosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000;109:728–732
  36. Klauer KC. Affective priming. European Journal of Social Psychology. 1998;8:67–103
  37. Kotsch WE, Gerbing DW, Schwartz LE. The construct validity of the Differential Emotions Scale as adapted for children and adolescents. In:  Izard CE editors. Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1982;p. 251–278
  38. Krause R, Steimer E, Sänger-Alt C, Wagner G. Facial expression of schizophrenic patients and their interaction partners. Psychiatry. 1989;52:1–12
  39. Krause R, Steimer-Krause E, Hufnagel H. Expression and experience of affects in paranoid schizophrenia. European Review of Applied Psychology. 1992;42:131–138
  40. Kring AM, Kerr SL, Smith DA, Neale JM. Flat affect in schizophrenia does not reflect diminished subjective experience of emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1993;102:507–517
  41. Lang PJ. The motivational organization of emotion: affect-reflex connections. In:  van Goozen SHM,  van de Poll NE,  Sergeant JA editor. Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994;p. 61–93
  42. Laux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P, Spielberger CD. State-trait-angstinventar (STAI). Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung. Weinheim: Beltz; 1981;
  43. Leube DT, Erb M, Grodd W, Bartels M, Kircher TTJ. Differential activation in parahippocampal and prefrontal cortex during word and face encoding tasks. Neuroreport. 2001;12:2773–2777
  44. Loas G, Noisette C, Legrand A, Boyer P. Is anhedonia a specific dimension in chronic schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2000;26:495–506
  45. Mandal MK, Pandey R, Prasad AB. Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1998;24:399–412
  46. McCabe SB, Gotlib IH. Selective attention and clinical depression: performance on a deployment-of-attention task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995;104:241–245
  47. McCabe SB, Toman PE. Stimulus exposure duration in a deployment-of-attention task: effects on dysphoric, recently dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals. Cognition and Emotion. 2000;14:125–142
  48. Meehl PE. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. American Psychologist. 1962;17:827–838
  49. Meehl PE. Hedonic capacity: some conjectures. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1975;39:295–307
  50. Meehl PE. Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders. 1990;4:1–99
  51. Meehl PE. Primary and secondary hypohedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001;110:188–193
  52. Merten J, Krause R. DAS (Differentielle Affekt Skala). Arbeiten der Fachrichtung Psychologie der Universität des Saarlandes. Saarbrücken: Fachrichtung Psychologie; 1993; Nr. 173
  53. Mueser KT, Sayers SL, Schooler NR, Mance RM, Haas GL. A multisite investigation of the reliability of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:1453–1462
  54. Paivio A. Mental comparisons involving abstract attributes. Memory and Cognition. 1978;3:199–208
  55. Posner MI, Synder CRR. Attention and cognitive control. In:  Solso RL editors. Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1975;p. 55–85
  56. Pratto F, John OP. Automatic vigilance: the attention grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;61:380–391
  57. Ratcliff R. Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin. 1993;114:510–532
  58. Reddy R, Mukherjee S, Schnur DB. Comparison of negative symptoms in schizophrenic and poor outcome bipolar patients. Psychological Medicine. 1992;22:361–365
  59. Rossell SL, Shapleske J, David AS. Direct and indirect semantic priming with neutral and emotional words in schizophrenia: relationship to delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:271–292
  60. Russell WA. The complete German language norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association Test. In:  Postman L,  Keppel G editor. Norms of Word Association. New York: Academic Press; 1970;p. 53–94
  61. Sayers SL, Curran PJ, Mueser KT. Factor structure and construct validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Psychological Assessment. 1996;8:269–280
  62. Scherer KR. Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In:  Scherer KR,  Schorr A,  Johnstone T editor. Appraisal Processes in Emotion. Theory, Methods, Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001;p. 92–120
  63. Schlenker R, Cohen R, Hopmann G. Affective modulation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1995;245:309–318
  64. Segal ZV, Truchon C, Horowitz LM, Gemar M, Guirguis M. A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995;104:205–213
  65. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970;
  66. Spitzer M, Braun U, Hermle L, Maier S. Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect priming. Biological Psychiatry. 1993;34:864–877
  67. Stuart GW, Malone V, Currie J, Klimidis S, Minas IH. Positive and negative symptoms in neuroleptic-free psychotic inpatients. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;16:175–188
  68. Suslow T, Arolt V, Junghanns K. Alexithymie und automatische Aktivierung emotional-evaluativer information. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie. 1998;48:168–175
  69. Suslow T, Junghanns K, Arolt V. Detection of facial expressions of emotions in depression. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2001;92:857–868
  70. Suslow T, Ohrmann P, Arolt V. Ausgestaltung sogenannter affektiver Voraktivierungseffekte in der evaluativen Entscheidungsaufgabe: Hinweise auf automatische Vigilanz für negative Informationen. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 2001;209:137–152
  71. Vinogradov S, Ober BE, Shenaut GK. Semantic priming of word pronunciation and lexical decision in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1992;8:171–181
  72. Vrana SR, Spence EL, Lang PJ. The startle probe response: a new measure of emotion?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1988;97:487–491
  73. Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M. SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1997;
  74. Zajonc RB. Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist. 1980;35:151–175

PII: S0165-1781(03)00173-2

doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00173-2

Psychiatry Research
Volume 120, Issue 2 , Pages 131-144 , 30 September 2003