Psychiatry Research
Volume 129, Issue 2 , Pages 119-125 , 15 December 2004

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and Tourette's syndrome

  • Norbert Müller

      Affiliations

    • Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Nußbaumstraße 7, D-80336 München, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel: +49 89 5160 3397; fax: +49 89 5160 4548.
    • ,
  • Michael Riedel

      Affiliations

    • Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Nußbaumstraße 7, D-80336 München, Germany
    • ,
  • Christa Blendinger

      Affiliations

    • Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336 München, Germany
    • ,
  • Karin Oberle

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Enno Jacobs

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Microbiology, Technical University, Dresden, Dürerstraße 24, 01307 Dresden, Germany
    • ,
  • Marianne Abele-Horn

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany

Received 20 March 2003 ,Accepted 18 April 2004.

References 

  1. Abele-Horn M. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and local immune response, reply. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000;30:405–406
  2. Al-Mateen M, Gibbs M, Dietrich R, Mitchell WG, Menkes JH. Encephalitis lethargica like illness in a girl with mycoplasma infection. Neurology. 1988;38:1155–1157
  3. Alonso R, Chardieu I, Dorio J, Krishnamurthy A, Quirion R, Boksa P. Interleukin-2 modulates evoked release of [3H]dopamine in rat cultured mesencephalic cells. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1993;61:1284–1290
  4. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: Author; 1994;
  5. Brandel JP, Noseda G, Agid J. Mycoplasma pneumoniae postinfectious encephalomyelitis with bilateral striatal necrosis. Movement Disorders. 1996;11:333–336
  6. Brenner T, Yamin A, Abramsky I, Gallily R. Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha production by mycoplasmal and inhibition by dexamethasone in cultured astrocytes. Brain Research. 1993;608:273–279
  7. Brenner T, Yamin A, Gallily R. Mycoplasma triggering of nitric oxide production by central nervous system glial cells and its inhibition by glucocorticoids. Brain Research. 1994;641:51–56
  8. Feng SH, Lo SC. Induced mouse spleen B-cell proliferation and secretion of immunoglobulin by lipid-associated membering proteins of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus and Mycoplasma penetrans. Infection and Immunity. 1994;62:3916–3921
  9. Green C, Riley DE. Treatment of dystonia in striatal necrosis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pediatric Neurology. 2002;26:318–320
  10. Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Swedo SE. Symptom exacerbation of vocal tics and other symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1459–1460
  11. Haber SN, Kowall NW, Vonsattel JP, Bird ED, Richardson EP. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. A post mortem neuropathological and immunohistochemical study. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1986;15:225–241
  12. Hagelskjaer LH, Hansen NJ. Neurological complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Ugeskrift für læger. 1993;155:1265–1269
  13. Haller EM, Langmann G, Langmann A, Lerchner H. Persistenz von Chlamydia trachomatis bei chronisch persitierender Konjunktivitis. Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie. 1991;88:248–251
  14. Hebebrand J, Klug B, Fimmers R, Seuchter SA, Wettke-Schafer R, Deget F, et al. Rate of tic disorders and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in families of children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997;31:519–530
  15. Hoekstra PJ, Kallemberg CGM, Korf J, Minderaa RB. Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?. Molecular Psychiatry. 2002;7:437–445
  16. Jacobs E. Mycoplasma pneumoniae virulence factors and the immune response. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 1991;2:83–90
  17. Jacobs E. Serological diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections: a critical review of current procedures. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1993;17(Suppl. I):S79–S82
  18. Jacobs E, Stuhlert A, Drews M, Pumpe K, Schaefer HE, Kist M, et al. Host reactions to M. pneumoniae infections in guinea pigs preimmunized systematically with the adhesin of this pathogen. Microbiology of Pathogens. 1988;5:259–265
  19. Kim JS, Choi IS, Lee MC. Reversible parkinsonism and dystonia following probable Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Movement Disorders. 1995;10:510–512
  20. Kurlan R. The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome. A possible role for hormonal and excitatory neurotransmitter influences in brain development. Archives of Neurology. 1992;49:874–876
  21. Kusunoki S, Chiba A, Hitoshi S, Takizawa A, Kanazawa I. Anti-Gal-A antibody in autoimmune neuropathies subsequent to Mycoplasma infection. Muscle and Nerve. 1995;18:409–413
  22. Larsen PD, Crisp D. Acute bilateral striatal necrosis associated with M. pneumoniae infection. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 1996;15:1124–1126
  23. Leckman JF, Towbin KE, Ort SI, Cohen DJ. Clinical assessment of tic disorder severity. In:  Cohen DJ,  Bruun RD,  Leckman JF editor. Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders. New York: J. Wiley; 1988;p. 55–78
  24. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Ben-Yaakov M, Shmarkov O, Gelfer Y, Varshavsky R, et al. Serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbation of COPD. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002;44:1–6
  25. Matas TJ, Domingues J, De Ory F, Garcia N, Cardona PJ, Hernandez A, et al. Evaluation of meridian Immunocard Mycoplasma test for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM in paediatric patients. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998;30:289–293
  26. Müller N, Putz A, Kathmann N, Lehle R, Günther W, Straube A. Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1997;70:105–114
  27. Müller N, Riedel M, Erfurth A, Möller HJ. Immunoglobulin-therapy in Gilles-de-laTourette-Syndrome. Nervenarzt. 1997;68:914–916
  28. Müller N, Riedel M, Straube A, Günther W, Wilske B. Increased anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Research. 2000;94:43–49
  29. Müller N, Riedel M, Förderreuther S, Blendinger C, Abele-Horn M. Tourette's syndrome and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:481–482
  30. Müller N, Kroll B, Schwarz MJ, Riedel M, Straube A, Lütticken R, et al. Increased titers of antibodies against streptococcal M 12 and M 19 proteins in patients with Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Research. 2001;101:187–193
  31. Müller N, Riedel M, Zawta P, Straube A. Tourette's syndrome and schizophrenia—comorbidity and common biological aspects. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002;26:1245–1252
  32. Murphy ML, Pichichero ME. Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2002;156:256–361
  33. Narita M, Yamada S. Two distinct patterns of central nervous system complications due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33:916
  34. Narita M, Itakura O, Matsuzono Y, Togashi T. Analysis of mycoplasmal central nervous system involvement by polymerase chain reaction. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 1995;14:236–237
  35. Nishimura M, Saida T, Kuroki S, Kawabata T, Obayashi H, Saida K, et al. Postinfectious encephalitis with anti-Galactocerebroside antibody subsequent to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1996;140:91–95
  36. Noseda G, Harpey JP, Brandel JP, Roy C, Caille B, Prudent M, et al. Acute basal ganglia necrosis with favorable course during Mycoplasma encephalitis. Archives of Pediatrics. 1996;3:1107–1110
  37. Pauls DL, Leckman JF. The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;315:993–1007
  38. Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, Hamburger S, Feldman E, Leonard HI, et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet. 1999;354:1153–1158
  39. Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, Katz LD, Smith JC, Hardin MT, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology. 1993;43:941–949
  40. Pfausler B, Engelhardt K, Kampfl A, Spiss H, Taferner E, Schmutzhard E. Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. European Journal of Neurology. 2002;9:93–96
  41. Riedel M, Straube A, Schwarz MJ, Wilske B, Müller N. Lyme disease presenting as Tourette's disorder. Lancet. 1998;351:418–419
  42. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K, Ekman MR, Nieminen MS, Mäkelä PH, et al. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1988;ii:983–986
  43. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmäki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, et al. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992;116:273–278
  44. Saitoh S, Wada T, Narita M, Kohsaka S, Mizukami S, Togashi T, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may cause striatal lesions leading to acute neurologic dysfunction. Neurology. 1993;43:2150–2151
  45. Singer HS, Hahn JH, Moran TH. Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem sriatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome. Annals of Neurology. 1991;30:558–562
  46. Socan M, Ravnik I, Bencina D, Dovc P, Zakotnik B, Jazbec J. Neurological symptoms in patients whose cerebrospinal fluid is culture- and/or polymerase chain reaction-positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;32:E31–E35
  47. Straube A, Mennicken J-B, Riedel M, Eggert T, Müller N. Internally and externally triggered saccades in Gilles-de-la-Tourette syndrome. Movement Disorders. 1997;12:536–546
  48. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, Allen A, Rapoport JL, Dow SP, et al. Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:110–112
  49. Tuuminen T, Varjo S, Ingman H, Weber T, Oksi J, Viljanen M. Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G and A antibodies in a healthy Finnish population as analyzed by quantitative enzyme immunoassays. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000;7:734–738
  50. Watkins-Riedel T, Stanek G, Daxboeck F. Comparison of SeroMP IgA with four other commercial assays for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2001;40:21–25
  51. Ward ME. The immunology and immunopathology of chlamydial infections. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1995;103:769–796
  52. Zalcman S, Green-Johnson JM, Murray L, Nance DM, Dyck D, Anisman H, et al. Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, -2 and -6. Brain Research. 1994;643:40–49
  53. Zambrino CA, Zorzi G, Lanzi G, Uggetti C, Egitto MG. Bilateral striatal necrosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an adolescent: clinical and neuroradiologic follow-up. Movement Disorders. 2000;15:1023–1026

PII: S0165-1781(04)00208-2

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.04.009

Psychiatry Research
Volume 129, Issue 2 , Pages 119-125 , 15 December 2004

Article Tools