Psychiatry Research
Volume 129, Issue 2 , Pages 191-199 , 15 December 2004

Neuropsychological subtyping of schizophrenia

Received 28 June 2002 ,Revised 10 July 2003 ,Accepted 5 August 2003.

References 

  1. Berg EA. A simple objective test for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of General Psychology. 1948;39:15–22
  2. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Volavka J, Czobor P, Hoptman M, Sheitman B, et al. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:1018–1028
  3. Chelune GJ, Heaton RK, Lehman RA, Robinson S. Level versus pattern of neuropsychological performance among schizophrenic and diffuse brain damaged patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1979;47:155–163
  4. Dudek SZ. Intelligence, psychopathology, and primary thinking disorder in early schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1969;148:515–527
  5. Elliott R, Sahakian BJ. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia: relations with clinical and neurobiological dimensions. Psychological Medicine. 1995;25:581–594
  6. Exner JE. Problems with brief Rorschach protocols. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988;52:640–647
  7. Exner JE. In: The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. 3rd ed.. Basic Foundations. vol. 1:New York: Wiley; 1993;
  8. Exner JE. A primer for Rorschach interpretation. In: Rorschach Workshops. 2000;Asheville, NC
  9. Goldberg TE, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Course of schizophrenia: neuropsychological evidence for a static encephalopathy. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993;19:797–804
  10. Goldberg TE, Torrey EF, Gold JM, Bigelow LB, Ragland RD, Taylor E, et al. Genetic risk of neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia: a study of monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for the disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;17:77–84
  11. Goldstein G, Shemansky WJ. Influences on cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;18:59–69
  12. Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss GC. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Revised and Expanded. Psychological Assessment Resources; 1993;
  13. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1336–1341
  14. Jaeger J, Berns S, Tigner A, Douglas E. Remediation of neuropsychological deficits in psychiatric populations: rationale and methodological considerations. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1992;28:367–390
  15. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Pocket Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. 2nd ed.. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996;
  16. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1913;Translated in 1919 by R.M. Barclay
  17. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Toomey R, Tsuang MT. The paradox of normal neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000;109:743–752
  18. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Intelligence quotient and neuropsychological profiles in patients with schizophrenia and in normal volunteers. Biological Psychiatry. 2001;50:453–462
  19. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd edn.. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  20. Liddle PF. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine. 1987;17:49–57
  21. Lysaker PH, Bell MD, Zito WS, Bioty SM. Social skills at work. Deficits and predictors of improvement in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995;183:688–692
  22. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR. The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1999;25:233–255
  23. Meyer GJ. Assessing reliability: critical corrections for a critical examination of the Rorschach comprehensive system. Psychological Assessment. 1997;9:480–489
  24. Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS. Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal?. Neuropsychology. 1997;11:437–446
  25. Pantelis C, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE, Tanner S, Weatherley L, Owen AM, et al. Frontal–striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain. 1997;120:1823–1843
  26. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR. Anatomical abnormalities in the brain of monozycotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990;322:789–794
  27. Taiminen T, Ranta K, Karlsson H, Lauerma H, Leinonen K-M, Wallenius E, et al. Comparison of clinical and best-estimate research DSM-IV diagnoses in a Finnish sample of first-admission psychosis and severe affective disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;55:107–111
  28. Viglione DJ. A review of recent research addressing the utility of the Rorschach. Psychological Assessment. 1999;11:251–265
  29. Wechsler D. WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Manual. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1987;
  30. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Manual. Cleveland, OH: The Psychological Corporation; 1992;
  31. Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Bigelow LB, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:907–913
  32. Weiner IB. Conceptual and empirical perspectives on the Rorschach assessment of psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1986;50:472–479
  33. Weiner IB. Editor's note: interscorer agreement in Rorschach research. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1991;56:1
  34. Weiner IB. Principles of Rorschach Interpretation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998;
  35. Weiner IB. Using the Rorschach properly in practice and research. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000;56:435–438
  36. Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J, Cooper JE, Giel R, et al. SCAN, Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990;47:589–593

PII: S0165-1781(04)00216-1

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.08.017

Psychiatry Research
Volume 129, Issue 2 , Pages 191-199 , 15 December 2004