Psychiatry Research
Volume 133, Issue 1 , Pages 65-71 , 30 January 2005

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale in unmedicated schizophrenia

  • Richard D. Sanders

      Affiliations

    • Dayton VA Hospital, 4100 W. Third Street, Dayton, OH 45428, USA
    • Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
    • ,
  • Daniel N. Allen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 455030, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5030, USA
    • ,
  • Steven D. Forman

      Affiliations

    • VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
    • University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
    • ,
  • Thaddeus Tarpey

      Affiliations

    • Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
    • ,
  • Matcheri S. Keshavan

      Affiliations

    • University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
    • ,
  • Gerald Goldstein

      Affiliations

    • VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
    • University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. VA Pittsburgh HCS, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA. Tel.: +1 412 365 5232; fax: +1 412 365 5231.

Received 26 March 2004 ,Revised 28 September 2004 ,Accepted 18 October 2004.

References 

  1. Allen DN, Goldstein G, Forman SD, Keshavan MS, van Kammen DP, Sanders RD. Neurologic examination abnormalities in schizophrenia with and without history of alcoholism. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology. 2000;13:184–187
  2. Bentler PM, Bonnett DG. Significance tests and the goodness of fit in analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin. 1980;88:588–606
  3. Buchanan RW, Heinrichs DW. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 1989;27:335–350
  4. Dazzan P, Murray RM. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement. 2002;43:s50–s57
  5. Flashman LA, Flaum M, Gupta S, Andreasen NC. Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;15:526–532
  6. Heinrichs DW, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;145:11–18
  7. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8 User's Reference Guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International; 1993;
  8. Keshavan MS, Sanders RD, Sweeney JA, Diwadkar VA, Goldstein G, Pettegrew JW, et al. Diagnostic specificity and neuroanatomical validity of neurological abnormalities in first-episode psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:1298–1304
  9. Mohr F, Hubmann W, Albus M, Franz U, Hecht S, Scherer J, et al. Neurological soft signs and neuropsychological performance in patients with first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 2003;121:21–30
  10. Overall J, Gorham D. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports. 1962;10:799–812
  11. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS. The neurologic examination in adult psychiatry: from soft signs to hard science. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998;10:395–404
  12. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS. Physical and neurologic examinations in neuropsychiatry. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2002;7:18–29
  13. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Schooler NR. Neurologic exam abnormalities in first-break, neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenia: preliminary results. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:1231–1233
  14. Sanders RD, Forman SD, Pieri JN, Baker RW, Kelley ME, van Kammen DP, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the neurological examination in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;29:287–292
  15. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Forman SD, Pieri JN, McLaughlin N, Allen DN, et al. Factor structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in unmedicated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 2000;95:237–243
  16. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Goldstein G. Clinical utility of the neurologic examination in the psychoses. Psychiatric Annals. 2003;33:195–200
  17. Sanders RD, Schuepbach D, Goldstein G, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Keshavan MS. Relationships between cognitive and neurological performance in neuroleptic-naïve psychosis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004;16:480–487
  18. Shibre T, Kebede D, Alem A, Kebreab S, Melaku Z, Deyassa N, et al. Neurological soft signs (NSS) in 200 treatment-naive cases with schizophrenia: a community-based study in a rural setting. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;56:425–431
  19. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1989;
  20. Tarpey T, Sanders RD. Linear conditional expectation for discrete distributions. Journal of Applied Statistics. 2004;31:361–372
  21. Venkatasubramanian G, Latha V, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK, Jayakumar PN, et al. Neurological soft signs in never-treated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003;108:144–146

PII: S0165-1781(04)00255-0

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.005

Psychiatry Research
Volume 133, Issue 1 , Pages 65-71 , 30 January 2005

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