Psychiatry Research
Volume 134, Issue 1 , Pages 1-10 , 30 March 2005

Low basal salivary cortisol is associated with teacher-reported symptoms of conduct disorder

  • Jaap Oosterlaan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: + 31 20 598 8756/8960; fax: + 31 20 598 8971.
    • ,
  • Hilde M. Geurts

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Dirk L. Knol

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Joseph A. Sergeant

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Received 9 March 2004 ,Revised 29 October 2004 ,Accepted 16 December 2004.

References 

  1. Achenbach TM, McConaughy SH, Howell CT. Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin. 1987;101:213–232
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  3. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173–1182
  4. Berkowitz L. The problem of aggression. In:  Berkowitz L editors. McGraw-Hill series in social psychology: aggression: its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1993;p. 1–23
  5. Berkowitz L. Aggression: definition and perspectives. In:  Baron RA,  Richardson DR editor. Perspectives in social psychology: human aggression. 2nd ed.. New York: Plenum Press; 1994;p. 1–38
  6. Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;41:1275–1293
  7. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin. 1992;112:155–159
  8. Dabbs JM, Jurkovic GJ, Frady RL. Salivary testosterone and cortisol among late adolescent male-offenders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1991;19:469–478
  9. Dawes MA, Dorn LD, Moss HB, Yao JK, Kirisci L, Ammerman RT, et al. Hormonal and behavioral homeostasis in boys at risk for substance abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1999;55:165–176
  10. Ferdinand RF, Van der Ende J, Mesman J. Diagnostic interview schedule for children, DISC-IV (Nederlandse vertaling), (Dutch translation) In: Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sophia Kinderziekenhuis; 1998;
  11. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Structure of DSM-III-R criteria for disruptive childhood behaviors: confirmatory factor models. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994;33:1145–1155
  12. Frick PJ, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Tannenbaum L, Vanhorn Y, Christ MAG, et al. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a meta-analytic review of factor-analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review. 1993;13:319–340
  13. Groth-Marnat G. Handbook of psychological assessment. 3rd ed.. New York: Wiley; 1997;
  14. Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Hanson KS. Criterion validity of informants in the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders in children: a preliminary study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1994;62:410–414
  15. Hartman CA, Hox J, Mellenbergh GJ, Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine Y, et al. DSM-IV internal construct validity: when a taxonomy meets data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 2001;42:817–836
  16. Jansen LMC, Gispen-de Wied CC, Jansen MA, Van der Gaag RJ, Matthys W, Van Engeland H. Pituitary–adrenal reactivity in a child psychiatric population: salivary cortisol response to stressors. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;9:67–75
  17. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development. 1987;58:1459–1473
  18. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science. 1988;240:167–171
  19. Karyawasam SH, Zaw F, Handley SL. Reduced salivary cortisol in children with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2003;23:45–48
  20. King JA, Barkley RA, Barrett S. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the stress response. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;44:72–74
  21. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;22:150–169
  22. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19:313–333
  23. Loeber R, Green SM, Lahey BB, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Differences and similarities between children, mothers, and teachers as informants on disruptive child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1991;19:75–95
  24. Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M. Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:1468–1484
  25. McBurnett K, Lahey BB, Frick PJ, Risch C, Loeber R, Hart EL, et al. Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: II. Relation to salivary cortisol. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991;30:192–196
  26. McBurnett K, Lahey BB, Capasso L, Loeber R. Aggressive symptoms and salivary cortisol in clinic-referred boys with conduct disorder. Understanding Aggressive behavior in Children. 1996;794:169–178
  27. McBurnett K, Pfiffner LJ, Capasso L, Lahey BB, Loeber R. Children's aggression and DSM-III-R symptoms predicted by parent psychopathology, parenting practices, cortisol, and SES. In:  Raine A,  Brennan PA,  Farrington DP,  Mednick SA editor. Biosocial bases of violence. New York: Plenum Press; 1997;p. 345–348
  28. McBurnett K, Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ, Loeber R. Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:38–43
  29. McBurnett K, King J, Scarpa A. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system and the development of aggressive, antisocial, and substance abuse disorders. In:  Cicchetti D,  Walker EF editor. Neurodevelopmental mechanisms in the genesis and epigenesis of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2003;p. 324–344
  30. McGee R, Williams S. Environmental risk factors in oppositional-defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In:  Quay HC,  Hogan AE editor. Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer; 1999;p. 419–440
  31. Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress. Metabolism. 2002;51:5–10
  32. Moss HB, Vanyukov MM, Martin CS. Salivary cortisol responses and the risk for substance abuse in prepubertal boys. Biological Psychiatry. 1995;38:547–555
  33. Offord DR, Boyle MH, Racine Y, Szatmari P, Fleming JE, Sanford M, et al. Integrating assessment data from multiple informants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;35:1078–1085
  34. Oosterlaan J, Scheres A, Antrop I, Roeyers H, Sergeant JA. Handleiding bij de vragenlijst voor gedragsproblemen bij kinderen (Manual for the disruptive behavior disorders rating scale), In: Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger; 2000;
  35. Oosterlaan J, Scheres A, Sergeant JA. Which executive functioning deficits are associated with AD/HD, ODD/CD and comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2005;33:69–85
  36. Pajer K, Gardner W, Rubin RT, Perel J, Neal S. Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:297–302
  37. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Greenslade KE, Milich R. Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;21:210–218
  38. Pliszka SR. The psychobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In:  Quay HC,  Hogan AE editor. Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer; 1999;p. 371–395
  39. Porter RJ, Gallagher P, Watson S, Young AH. Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in depression: a review of human evidence. Psychopharmacology. 2004;173:1–17
  40. Riccio CA, Hall J, Morgan A, Hynd GW, Gonzalez JJ, Marshall RM. Executive function and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: relationship with behavioral ratings and cognitive ability. Developmental Neuropsychology. 1994;10:215–229
  41. Scerbo AS, Kolko DJ. Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: relationship to aggressive, hyperactive, and internalizing behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994;33:1174–1184
  42. Schulz KP, Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Sharma V, Gabriel S. Plasma cortisol and aggression in boys with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:605–609
  43. Schwab-Stone ME, Shaffer D, Dulcan MK, Jensen PS, Fisher P, Bird HR, et al. Criterion validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;35:878–888
  44. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME. NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:28–38
  45. Shoal GD, Giancola PR, Kirillova GP. Salivary cortisol, personality, and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: a 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003;42:1101–1107
  46. Snoek H, Van Goozen SHM, Matthys W, Sigling HO, Koppeschaar HPF, Westenberg HGM, et al. Serotonergic functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: a sumatriptan challenge study. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;51:319–325
  47. Stoff DM, Pasatiempo AP, Yeung J, Cooper TB, Bridger WH, Rabinovich H. Neuroendocrine responses to challenge with dl-fenfluramine and aggression in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research. 1992;43:263–276
  48. Stratakis CA, Chrousos GP. Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1995;771:1–18
  49. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002;53:865–871
  50. Van de Wiel NMH, Van Goozen SHM, Matthys W, Snoek H, Van Engeland H. Cortisol and treatment effect in children with disruptive behavior disorders: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43:1011–1018
  51. Van Goozen SHM, Matthys W, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gispen-de Wied C, Wiegant VM, Van Engeland H. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional-defiant disorder boys and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;43:531–539
  52. Van Goozen SHM, Matthys W, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Buitelaar JK, Van Engeland H. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity in disruptive children and matched controls. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:1438–1445
  53. Vanyukov MM, Moss HB, Plail JA, Blackson T, Mezzich AC, Tarter RE. Antisocial symptoms in preadolescent boys and in their parents: associations with cortisol. Psychiatry Research. 1993;46:9–17
  54. White HR, Labouvie EW, Bates ME. The relationship between sensation seeking and delinquency: a longitudinal analysis. In:  Farrington DP editors. Psychological explanations of crime. The International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Penology. Brookfield, VT: Dartmouth; 1994;p. 107–121

PII: S0165-1781(05)00021-1

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.12.005

Psychiatry Research
Volume 134, Issue 1 , Pages 1-10 , 30 March 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution