Psychiatry Research
Volume 137, Issue 1 , Pages 37-48 , 15 November 2005

Assessing a minimal executive operation in schizophrenia

  • Marie-Laure Grillon

      Affiliations

    • INSERM 0117, Service Hopitalo-Universitaire de Santé Mentale et Thérapeuthique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris V, Paris, France
    • ,
  • Marcia K. Johnson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA
    • ,
  • Jean-Marie Danion

      Affiliations

    • INSERM Unité 666, Clinique Psychiatrique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
    • ,
  • Lydia Rizzo

      Affiliations

    • INSERM Unité 666, Clinique Psychiatrique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
    • ,
  • Cécile Verdet

      Affiliations

    • INSERM Unité 666, Clinique Psychiatrique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
    • ,
  • Caroline Huron

      Affiliations

    • INSERM 0117, Service Hopitalo-Universitaire de Santé Mentale et Thérapeuthique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris V, Paris, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. INSERM 0117, Pavillon Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France. Tel.: +33 1 40 78 86 25; fax: +33 1 45 80 72 93.

Received 13 May 2005 ,Revised 5 July 2005 ,Accepted 12 July 2005.

References 

  1. Andreasen NC, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swayze VW, Flaum M, Kirchner P, et al. Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:943–958
  2. Barch DM, Carter CS, Braver TS, Sabb FW, MacDonald A, Noll DC, et al. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:280–288
  3. Barton JJ, Cherkasova MV, Lindgren K, Goff DC, Intriligator JM, Manoach DS. Antisaccades and task switching: studies of control processes in saccadic function in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;956:250–263
  4. Berman KF, Zec RF, Weinberger DR. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attention, and mental effort. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986;43:126–135
  5. Berman KF, Torrey EF, Daniel DG, Weinberger DR. Regional cerebral blood flow in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:927–934
  6. Bressi S, Miele L, Bressi C, Astori S, Gimosti E, Linciano AD. Deficit of central executive component of working memory in schizophrenia. New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry. 1996;12:243–252
  7. Callicott JH, Ramsey NF, Tallent K, Bertolino A, Knable MB, Coppola R, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging brain mapping in psychiatry: methodological issues illustrated in a study of working memory in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998;18:186–196
  8. Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Langheim FJ, Duyn J, Coppola R, et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cerebral Cortex. 2000;10:1078–1092
  9. Carter CS, Perlstein W, Ganguli R, Brar J, Mintun M, Cohen JD. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1285–1287
  10. Cornblatt BA, Keilp JG. Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1994;20:31–46
  11. Crawford J, Allan K, Jack A. Short form of the UK WAIS-R: regression equations and their predicitive validity in a general population sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1992;31:191–202
  12. Danion JM, Rizzo L, Bruant A. Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56:639–644
  13. Davachi L, Mitchell JP, Wagner AD. Multiple routes to memory: distinct medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100:2157–2162
  14. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE, et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001;98:6917–6922
  15. Gardiner JM, Java RI, Richardson-Klavehn A. How level of processing really influences awareness in recognition memory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1996;50:114–122
  16. Glahn DC, Ragland JD, Abramoff A, Barrett J, Laird AR, Bearden CE, et al. Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping. 2005;25:60–69
  17. Gold JM, Randolph C, Carpenter CJ, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992;101:487–494
  18. Goldberg TE, Saint-Cyr JA, Weinberger DR. Assessment of procedural learning and problem solving in schizophrenic patients by Tower of Hanoi type tasks. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1990;2:165–173
  19. Gras-Vincendon A, Danion JM, Grange D, Bilik M, Willard-Schroeder D, Sichel JP, et al. Explicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1994;13:117–126
  20. Harvey PD, Earle-Boyer EA, Weilgus MS, Levinson JC. Encoding, memory, and thought disorder in schizophrenia and mania. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1986;12:252–261
  21. Hoff AL, Riordan H, O'Donnell DW, Morris L, DeLisi LE. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;149:898–903
  22. Huron C, Danion JM. Impairment of constructive memory in schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002;17:127–133
  23. Huron C, Danion JM, Giacomoni F, Grange D, Robert P, Rizzo L. Impairment of recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;152:1737–1742
  24. Huron C, Danion JM, Rizzo L, Killofer V, Damiens A. Subjective qualities of memories associated with the picture superiority effect in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003;112:152–158
  25. Johnson MK. MEM: mechanisms of recollection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992;4:268–280
  26. Johnson MK, Hirst W. MEM: memory subsystems as processes. In:  Collins AF,  Gathercole SE, et al. editor. Theories of Memory. 1993;p. 241–286
  27. Johnson MK, Reeder JA. Consciousness as meta-processing. In:  Cohen JD,  Schooler JW editor. Scientific Approaches to Consciousness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1997;p. 261–293
  28. Johnson MK, Reeder JA, Raye CL, Mitchell KJ. Second thoughts versus second looks: an age-related deficit in reflectively refreshing just-activated information. Psychological Science. 2002;13:64–67
  29. Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Raye CL, Greene EJ. An age-related deficit in prefrontal cortical function associated with refreshing information. Psychological Science. 2004;15:127–132
  30. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994;344:1398–1402
  31. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  32. Keefe R. Working memory dysfunction and its relevance to schizophrenia. In:  Sharma T,  Harvey P editor. Cognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Importance, and Treatment Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 16–50
  33. Koh SD, Peterson RA. Encoding orientation and the remembering of schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1978;87:303–313
  34. Koh SD, Kayton L, Peterson RA. Affective encoding and consequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976;85:156–166
  35. Krieger S, Lis S, Cetin T, Gallhofer B, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Executive function and cognitive subprocesses in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia: an analysis of N-back performance. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:1206–1208
  36. Larsen SF, Fromholt P. Mnemonic organization and free recall in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976;85:61–65
  37. Li CS. Do schizophrenia patients make more perseverative than non-perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? A meta-analytic study. Psychiatry Research. 2004;129:179–190
  38. Manoach DS, Press DZ, Thangaraj V, Searl MM, Goff DC, Halpern E, et al. Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45:1128–1137
  39. Manoach DS, Lindgren KA, Cherkasova MV, Goff DC, Halpern EF, Intriligator J, et al. Schizophrenic subjects show deficient inhibition but intact task switching on saccadic tasks. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;15:816–826
  40. McClain L. Encoding and retrieval in schizophrenics' free recall. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1983;171:471–479
  41. Meiran N, Levine J, Henik A. Task set switching in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:471–482
  42. Menon V, Anagnoson RT, Mathalon DH, Glover GH, Pfefferbaum A. Functional neuroanatomy of auditory working memory in schizophrenia: relation to positive and negative symptoms. Neuroimage. 2001;13:433–446
  43. Michel L, Danion JM, Grange D, Sandner G. Cognitive skill learning and schizophrenia: implications for cognitive remediation. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:590–599
  44. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports. 1962;10:799–812
  45. Palmer B, Heaton R. Executive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In:  Sharma T,  Harvey P editor. Cognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Importance, and Treatment Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 51–72
  46. Pantelis C, Barnes TR, Nelson HE, Tanner S, Weatherley L, Owen AM, et al. Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain. 1997;120:1823–1843
  47. Paul BM, Elvevag B, Bokat CE, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Levels of processing effects on recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;74:101–110
  48. Perlstein WM, Carter CS, Barch DM, Baird JW. The Stroop task and attention deficits in schizophrenia: a critical evaluation of card and single-trial Stroop methodologies. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:414–425
  49. Perlstein WM, Carter CS, Noll DC, Cohen JD. Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1105–1113
  50. Ragland JD, Moelter ST, McGrath C, Hill SK, Gur RE, Bilker WB, et al. Levels-of-processing effect on word recognition in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2003;54:1154–1161
  51. Raye CL, Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Reeder JA, Greene EJ. Neuroimaging a single thought: dorsolateral PFC activity associated with refreshing just-activated information. Neuroimage. 2002;15:447–453
  52. Raye, C.L., Johnson, M.K., Mitchell, K.J., Greene, E.J., under review. Refreshing: a minimal executive function.
  53. Salamé P, Danion JM, Peretti S, Cuervo C. The state of functioning of working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;30:11–29
  54. Salthouse TA, Hedden T. Interpreting reaction time measures in between-group comparisons. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2002;24:858–872
  55. Saoud M, d'Amato T, Gutknecht C, Triboulet P, Bertaud JP, Marie-Cardine M, et al. Neuropsychological deficit in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2000;26:893–902
  56. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P, et al. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Archives General of Psychiatry. 1994;51:124–131
  57. Stevens AA, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gore JC, Fulbright RK, Wexler BE. Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:1097–1103
  58. Tulving E. Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology. 1985;26:1–12
  59. Volz HP, Rzanny R, Rossger G, Hubner G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Kaiser WA, et al. Decreased energy demanding processes in the frontal lobes of schizophrenics due to neuroleptics? A 31P-magnetic-resonance spectroscopic study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 1997;76:123–129
  60. Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: confounds and controversies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences. 1996;351:1495–1503
  61. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zec RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986;43:114–124
  62. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Illowsky BP. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: III. A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988;45:609–615

PII: S0165-1781(05)00198-8

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.001

Psychiatry Research
Volume 137, Issue 1 , Pages 37-48 , 15 November 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution