Psychiatry Research
Volume 137, Issue 1 , Pages 11-19 , 15 November 2005

Oculomotor studies of cerebellar function in autism

  • Caralynn V. Nowinski

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, MC 913, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St., Suite 235, Chicago, IL 60612-7327, USA
    • ,
  • Nancy J. Minshew

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • ,
  • Beatriz Luna

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • ,
  • Yukari Takarae

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, MC 913, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St., Suite 235, Chicago, IL 60612-7327, USA
    • ,
  • John A. Sweeney

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry (MC 913), University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St., Suite 235, Chicago, IL 60612-7327, USA. Tel.: +1 312 413 9205; fax: +1 312 413 8837.

Received 5 January 2005 ,Revised 27 May 2005 ,Accepted 13 July 2005.

References 

  1. Anderson GM, Freedman DX, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, Hoder EL, McPhedran P, et al. Whole blood serotonin in autistic and normal subjects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 1987;28:885–900
  2. Anderson GM, Horne WC, Chatterjee D, Cohen DJ. The hyperserotonemia of autism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;600:331–340
  3. Ashikawa H, Furuya N, Yabe T. Effects of serotonin, GABA and glycine on the activity of pause neurons during vestibular nystagmus in the cat. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm). 1991;111:999–1005
  4. Averbuch-Heller L, Stahl JS, Hlavin ML, Leigh RJ. Square-wave jerks induced by pallidotomy in parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1999;52:185–188
  5. Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology. 2002;59:175–183
  6. Bailey A, Luthert P, Dean A, Montgomery MRM, Lantos S. A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain. 1998;121:889–905
  7. Baloh RW, Konrad HR, Honrubia V. Vestibulo-ocular function in patients with cerebellar atrophy. Neurology. 1975;25:160–168
  8. Bauman ML. Microscopic neuroanatomic abnormalities in autism. Pediatrics. 1991;87:791–796
  9. Bauman ML, Kemper TL. Observations on the purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis in autism. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1996;55:613
  10. Bollen E, Reulen JP, Den Heyer JC, Van der Kamp W, Roos RA, Buruma OJS. Horizontal and vertical saccadic eye movement abnormalities in Huntington's chorea. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1986;74:11–22
  11. Casanova MF, Buxhoeveden DP, Switala AE, Roy E. Minicolumnar pathology in autism. Neurology. 2002;58:428–432
  12. Cook EH, Courchesne R, Lord C, Cox NJ, Yan S, Lincoln A, et al. Evidence of linkage between the serotonin transporter and austistic disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 1997;2:247–250
  13. Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davids HR, Ziccardi R, Carper RA, Tigue ZD, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder. Neurology. 2001;57:245–254
  14. Dell'Osso LF, Abel LA, Daroff RB. "Inverse latent" macro square-wave jerks and macro saccadic oscillations. Annals of Neurology. 1977;2:57–60
  15. Gharani N, Benayed R, Mancuso V, Brzustowicz LM, Millonig JH. Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, with autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2004;9:474–484
  16. Goldberg MC, Lasker AG, Zee DS, Garth E, Tien A, Landa RJ. Deficits in the initiation of eye movements in the absence of a visual target in adolescents with high functioning autism. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40:2039–2049
  17. Hardan AY, Kilpatrick M, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ. Motor performance and anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the basal ganglia in autism. Journal of Child Neurology. 2003;18:317–324
  18. Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Murakawa K, Yoshimoto T, Miyazaki M, Harada M, et al. Development of the brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995;25:1–18
  19. Herbert MR, Ziegler DA, Makris N, Filipek PA, Kemper TL, Normandin JJ, et al. Localization of white matter volume increase in autism and developmental language disorder. Annals of Neurology. 2004;55:530–540
  20. Herishanu YO, Sharpe JA. Normal square wave jerks. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 1981;20:268–268
  21. Hotson JR. Cerebellar control of fixation eye movements. Neurology. 1982;32:31–36
  22. Just MA, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, Minshew NJ. Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity. Brain. 2004;127:1811–1821
  23. Kaneko CRS, Fuchs AF. Saccadic eye movement deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the nuclei raphe interpositus and prepositus hypoglossi in monkey. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm). 1991;481:213–215
  24. Kaufmann WE, Cooper KL, Mostofsky SH, Capone GT, Kates WR, Newschaffer CJ, et al. Specificity of cerebellar vermian abnormalities in autism: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Child Neurology. 2003;18:463–470
  25. Kemper TL, Bauman ML. The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism. Neurologic Clinics. 1993;11:175–187
  26. Kim SJ, Cox N, Courchesne R, Lord C, Corsello C, Akshoomoff N, et al. Transmission disequilibrium mapping at the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) region in autistic disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2002;7:278–288
  27. Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D. Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:809–816
  28. Martidis A, Yee RD, Azzarelli B, Biller J. Neuro-ophthalmic, radiographic, and pathologic manifestations of adult-onset Alexander disease. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999;117:265–267
  29. May PJ, Hartwich-Young R, Nelson J, Sparks DL, Porter JD. Cerebellotectal pathways in the macaque: implications for collicular generation of saccades. Neuroscience. 1990;36:305–324
  30. Middleton FA, Strick PL. Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate. Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;21:700–712
  31. Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Siegel DJ. Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: profile of a complex information processing disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1997;3:303–316
  32. Minshew NJ, Luna B, Sweeney JA. Oculomotor evidence for neocortical systems but not cerebellar dysfunction in autism. Neurology. 1999;52:917–922
  33. Minshew NJ, Sweeney J, Luna B. Autism as a selective disorder of complex information processing and underdevelopment of neocortical systems. Molecular Psychiatry. 2002;7(Suppl 2):S14–S15
  34. Minshew NJ, Sung K, Jones BL, Furman JM. Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology. 2004;63:2056–2061
  35. Ohtsuka K, Mukuno K, Ukai K, Ishikawa S. The origin of square wave jerks: conditions of fixation and microsaccades. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986;30:209–215
  36. Rabiah PK, Bateman JB, Demer JL, Perlman S. Ophthalmologic findings in patients with ataxia. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997;123:108–117
  37. Rascol O, Sabatini U, Simonetta-Moreau M, Montastruc JL, Rascol A, Clanet M. Square wave jerks in parkinsonian syndromes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1991;54:599–602
  38. Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Scheibel AB, Duong T, Robinson H, Guthrie D, et al. Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC autopsy research report. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;143:862–866
  39. Rosenhall U, Johansson E, Gillberg C. Oculomotor findings in autistic children. Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988;102:435–439
  40. Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A, Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, Volkmar F, et al. Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57:331–340
  41. Shallo-Hoffmann J, Petersen J, Muhlendyck H. How normal are "normal" square wave jerks?. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 1989;30:1009–1011
  42. Shallo-Hoffmann J, Sendler B, Muhlendyck H. Normal square wave jerks in differing age groups. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 1990;31:1649–1652
  43. Sharpe JA, Herishanu YO, White OB. Cerebral square wave jerks. Neurology. 1982;32:57–62
  44. Spieker S, Schulz JB, Petersen D, Fetter M, Klockgether T, Dichgans . Fixation instability and oculomotor abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia. Journal of Neurology. 1995;242:517–521
  45. Takarae Y, Minshew NJ, Luna B, Krisky CM, Sweeney JA. Pursuit eye movement deficits in autism. Brain. 2004;127:2584–2594
  46. Takarae Y, Minshew NJ, Luna B, Sweeney JA. Oculomotor abnormalities parallel cerebellar histopathology in autism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2004;75:1359–1361
  47. Troost BT, Daroff RB. The ocular motor defects in progressive supranuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology. 1977;2:397–403
  48. White OB, Saint-Cyr JA, Tomlinson RD, Sharpe JA. Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson's disease: II. Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. Brain. 1983;106:571–587
  49. Zee DS, Yee RD, Cogan DG, Robinson DA, Engel WK. Ocular motor abnormalities in hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Brain. 1976;99:207–234
  50. Zee DS, Leigh RJ, Mathieu-Millaire F. Cerebellar control of ocular gaze stability. Annals of Neurology. 1980;7:37–40
  51. Zee DS, Yamazaki A, Butler PH, Gucer G. Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus on eye movements in primate. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1981;46:878–899

PII: S0165-1781(05)00204-0

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.005

Psychiatry Research
Volume 137, Issue 1 , Pages 11-19 , 15 November 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution