Psychiatry Research
Volume 144, Issue 1 , Pages 73-78 , 30 September 2006

Dysmorphic concern symptoms and personality disorders: A clinical investigation in patients seeking cosmetic surgery

Received 25 May 2004 ,Revised 1 June 2005 ,Accepted 20 June 2005.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition. Washington DC: Author; 1994;
  2. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery . ASAPS 2000 Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery. New York: Author; 2001;
  3. Andreasen NC, Bardach J. Dysmorphophobia: symptom or disease?. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1977;134:673–676
  4. Brawman-Mintzer O, Lydiard RB, Phillips KA, Morton A, Czepowicz V, Emmanuel N, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;152:1665–1667
  5. Carroll DH, Scahill L, Phillips KA. Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2002;2:72–79
  6. Castle DJ, Morkell D. Imagined ugliness: a symptom which can become a disorder. Medical Journal of Australia. 2000;174(3):156
  7. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Academic Press; 1977;
  8. Cohen LJ, Kingston P, Bell A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Hollander E. Comorbid personality impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000;41(1):4–12
  9. Cotterill JA. Dermatologic nondisease. Dermatological Clinics. 1996;14:439–445
  10. Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1997;32:24–29
  11. Grossbart TA, Sarwer DB. Cosmetic surgery: surgical tools–psychosocial goals. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999;18(2):101–111
  12. Grossbart TA, Sarwer DB. Psychosocial issues and their relevance to the cosmetic surgery patient. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2003;22(2):136–147
  13. Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003;44(4):270–276
  14. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1959;32:50–55
  15. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  16. Hollander E, Aronowitz BR. Comorbid social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: managing the complicated patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;60(9):27–31
  17. Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Annals. 1993;23:359–364
  18. Ishigooka J, Yamashiro I, Fukuyama Y, Wakatabe H, Miura S. Psychiatric consultation work on patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Kitasato Igaku (Kitasato Med). 1985;15:88
  19. Koda R, Fukuyama Y, Nishiwaki J, Ishigooka J, Miura S. Psychological traits of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Seishin Igaku (Psychiatry). 1994;36:523
  20. Maffei G, Fossati A. I disturbi di personalità: prospettive della ricerca in psicologia clinica per la prassi medica generale. Ricerche di psicologia. 1997;1:317–327
  21. Mazzi F, Morosini P, De Girolamo G, Lussetti M, Guaraldi GP. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Versione Italiana. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali; 2000;
  22. Mazzi F, Morosini P, De Girolamo G, Guaraldi GP. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders, Versione Italiana. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali; 2003;
  23. Napoleon A. The presentation of personalities in plastic surgery. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993;31(4):193–208
  24. Neziroglu F, McKay D, Todaro J, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Effect of cognitive–behavioural therapy on persons with BDD and comorbid Axis II diagnosis. Behaviour Therapy. 1996;27:67–77
  25. Otto MW, Wilhelm S, Cohen LS, Harlow BL. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:2061–2063
  26. Ozgur F, Tuncali D, Guler Gursu K. Life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image: a psychosocial evaluation of aesthetic and reconstructive surgery candidates. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998;22(6):412–419
  27. Pertschuk MJ, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Whitaker LA. Body image dissatisfaction in male cosmetic surgery patients. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998;22:20–24
  28. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Giannotti D, Frare F, Di Vaio S, Cassano GB. Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997;185(9):578–582
  29. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis and treatment of imagined ugliness. Journal of Clinical Psichiatry. 1996;57:61–65
  30. Phillips KA, Diaz SF. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997;185(9):570–577
  31. Phillips KA, McElroy SL. Personality disorders and traits in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):229–236
  32. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, DeCaria C, Goodman WK. A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability and validity of a modified version of the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997;33(1):17–22
  33. Phillips KA, Dufresne RG, Wilkel C, Vittorio C. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000;42:436–441
  34. Rohrich RJ. The who, what, when, and why of cosmetic surgery: do our patients need a preoperative psychiatric evaluation?. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000;106(7):1605–1607
  35. Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Psychological issues in patient outcomes. Facial Plastic Surgery. 2002;18:125–134
  36. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998;101(6):1644–1649
  37. Sarwer DB, Pertschuk MJ, Wadden TA, Whitaker LA. Psychological investigations of cosmetic surgery patients: a look back and a look ahead. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998;101:1136–1142
  38. Sarwer DB, Crerand CE, Didie ER. Body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients. Facial Plastic Surgery. 2003;19:7–18
  39. Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Wilson R. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996;9:717–729
  40. Veale D, De Haro L, Lambrou C. Cosmetic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2003;56(6):546–551

PII: S0165-1781(05)00385-9

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.06.010

Psychiatry Research
Volume 144, Issue 1 , Pages 73-78 , 30 September 2006

Article Tools