Psychiatry Research
Volume 151, Issue 1 , Pages 123-138 , 30 May 2007

A cross-cultural comparison of British and Chinese beliefs about the causes, behaviour manifestations and treatment of schizophrenia

Received 9 July 2005 ,Revised 9 February 2006 ,Accepted 22 March 2006.

References 

  1. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Relatives' beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996;93:199–204
  2. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. The effect of diagnostic labelling on the lay theory regarding schizophrenic disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1996;31:316–320
  3. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG. Whom to ask for help in case of mental disorder? Preferences of the lay public. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1999;34:202–210
  4. Angermeyer MC, Buyantags L, Kenzine DV, Matschinger H. Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia: are there cultural differences?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia. 2004;109:420–425
  5. Angermeyer MC, Matshinger H, Reidel-Heller SG. Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;186:321–334
  6. Brändli H. The image of mental illness in Switzerland. In:  Guimon J,  Fischer W,  Sartorius N editor. The Image of Madness: the Public Facing Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment. Basel: Karger; 1999;p. 29–37
  7. Brockman J, D'Arcy C. Correlates of attitudinal social distance towards the mentally ill: a review and re-survey. Social Psychiatry. 1978;13:68–77
  8. Callaghan P, Shan C, Yu L. Attitudes towards mental illness: testing the contact hypothesis among Chinese student nurses in Hong Kong. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997;26:33–40
  9. Chen H, Parker G, Kua J, Jorm A, Loh J. Mental health literacy in Singapore. Annuaire de l'Académie de Médecine. 2000;29:467–473
  10. Cheng J. Psychiatry in traditional Chinese medicine. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 1970;15:399–401
  11. Cheng C, Chang C. Some early records of nervous and mental diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese Medical Journal. 1962;81:55–59
  12. Chou K-L, Mak K, Chung PK, Ho K. Attitudes towards mental patients in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1996;42:213–219
  13. Chung KF, Chan JH. Can a less pejorative Chinese translation for schizophrenia reduce stigma? A study of adolescent's attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004;58:507–515
  14. Chung KF, Chen EYH, Lam LCW, Chan CKY. How are psychotic symptoms perceived? A comparison between patients, relatives and the general public. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;14:71–75
  15. Corrigan PW, River LP, Lundin RK, Penn . Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2001;27:187–195
  16. Desforges D, Lord C, Ramsey S. Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:531–544
  17. Eker D. Attitudes towards mental illness: recognition, desired social distance, expected burden and negative influence on mental health among freshman. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1989;24:146–150
  18. Fitzpatrick R. Lay Concepts of Illness. London: Tavistock; 1984;
  19. Friedli L, Scherzer A. Positive steps mental health and young people, attitudes and awareness among 11–24 year olds. Health Education Authority. 1996;
  20. Furnham A. The Protestant Work Ethic. London: Routledge; 1990;
  21. Furnham A. Explaining health and illness. Social Science & Medicine. 1994;39:715–725
  22. Furnham A, Baguma P. Cross-cultural differences in explanations for health and illness: a British and Ugandan comparison. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 1999;2:121–134
  23. Furnham A, Bower P. A comparison of academic lay theories of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:201–210
  24. Furnham A, Chan E. Lay theories of schizophrenia. A cross cultural comparison of British and Hong Kong Chinese attitudes, attributions and beliefs. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2004;39:543–552
  25. Furnham A, Murao M. A cross-cultural comparison of British and Japanese lay theories of schizophrenia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2000;46:4–20
  26. Furnham A, Rees J. Lay theories of schizophrenia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1988;34:212–220
  27. Gersten S. Are You Getting Enlightened or Losing Your Mind?. NY: Harmony Books; 1997;
  28. Goldfrey R, Fisher L, Wilson D. Mental health literacy: an impediment to the optimum treatment of major depression in the community. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001;64:277–284
  29. Hagger MS, Orbell S. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychology and Health. 2003;18:141–184
  30. Hall L, Tucker C. Relationships between ethnicity, conceptions of mental illness, and attitudes associated with seeking psychological help. Psychological Reports. 1985;57:907–916
  31. Haslam N. Dimensions of folk psychiatry. Review of General Psychology. 2005;9:35–47
  32. Helman C. Culture, Health and Illness. Bristol: Wright; 1989;
  33. Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC. The general public's cognitive and emotional perception of mental illnesses: an alternative to attitude-research. In:  Guimon J,  Fischer W,  Sartorius N editor. The Image of Madness: the Public Facing Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment. Basel: Karger; 1999;p. 56–71
  34. Hillier SM, Jewell JA. Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China 1800–1982. London: Routledge; 1983;
  35. Jorm AF. Mental health literacy: public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;177:396–401
  36. Kleinman A, Cohen A. Psychiatry's global challenge. Scientific American. 1997;276:86–89
  37. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L, Rossler W. Lay recommendations on how to treat mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001;36:553–556
  38. Lemkau P, Crocetti G. An urban population's opinion and knowledge about mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1962;118:692–700
  39. Li CY. Traditional superstition and modern life of Chinese. In:  Yang KS editors. Chinese Psychology. Taiwan: Kwai Tung Publishers; 1988;
  40. Li SX, Phillips MR. Witch doctors and mental illness in mainland China: a preliminary study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:221–224
  41. Lin TY. Culture and psychiatry: a Chinese perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982;16:235–245
  42. Lin TS. Mental disorders and psychiatry in Chinese culture: characteristic features and major issues. In:  Tseng WS,  Wu DYH editor. Chinese Culture and Mental Health. Orlando: Academic Press; 1985;p. 369–393
  43. Lin TY, Kleinman A. Normal and Abnormal Behaviour in Chinese Culture. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company; 1981;
  44. Lin TY, Lin MC. Love, denial and rejection: responses of Chinese families to mental illness. In:  Kleinman A,  Lin TY editor. Normal and Abnormal Behaviour in Chinese Societies. Dordrecht: D. Reidel; 1981;
  45. Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnaham M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89:1328–1333
  46. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, De Rosa C, Malangone C, Maj M. Beliefs about schizophrenia in Italy: a comparative nationwide survey of the general public, mental health professionals and patients' relatives. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;49:323–331
  47. Nunnally J. Popular Conceptions of Mental Health. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1961;
  48. Ogedengbe RO. Prior contacts and perceptions of previously mentally disturbed patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1993;30:247–259
  49. Pearson V, Yiu MY. Public attitudes towards mental health facilities: a study in Hong Kong. Social Work and Social Sciences Review. 1993;4:59–82
  50. Penn DL, Guynan K, Daily T, Spaulding WD, Garbin CP, Sullivan M. Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: what sort of information is best?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1994;20:567–574
  51. Phillips M. Strategies used by Chinese families in coping with schizophrenia. In:  Davis D,  Hannell S editor. Chinese Families in the 1980's. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1993;
  52. Phillips MR, Li Y, Stroup A, Xin L. Causes of schizophrenia reported by patients' family members in China. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;177:20–25
  53. Pooni K, Corrado M. Attitudes towards schizophrenia. MORI, Fleishman Hillard and Lilly. 1997;(p. ii)
  54. Rogers TS, Kashima Y. Nurses' responses to people with schizophrenia. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1998;27:195–203
  55. Shurka E. Attitudes of Israeli Arabs towards the mentally ill. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1983;29:101–110
  56. Siegler M, Osmond H. Models of madness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1966;112:1193–1203
  57. Tan H. A preliminary report on the acupuncture treatment of 53 cases of mental illness. Journal of New Chinese Medicine. 1957;11:923–928
  58. Tseng WS. Chinese psychiatry: development and characteristics. In:  Cox JL editors. Transcultural Psychiatry. London: Crown-Helm; 1986;
  59. Whatley C. Social attitudes towards discharged mental patients. Journal of Social Psychology. 1958;6:313–320
  60. Wolff S, Pathare T, Craig , Leff J. Community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to mentally ill people. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;168–192
  61. Yang KS. Chinese personality and its change. In:  Bond M editors. The Psychology of Chinese People. H.K Oxford University Press; 1986;
  62. Yang D. The patterns of the health care seeking behaviour and related factors in the schizophrenic patients. Zhonghua Shenjing-Jingshenke Zazhi. 1992;25:215–253(in Chinese)
  63. Yip KS. Traditional Chinese religious beliefs and superstitions in delusions and hallucinations of Chinese schizophrenic patients. International Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;49:97–111
  64. Xia Z. Mental health work in Shanghai. Chinese Medical Journal. 1980;93:127–129

PII: S0165-1781(06)00099-0

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.023

Psychiatry Research
Volume 151, Issue 1 , Pages 123-138 , 30 May 2007