Psychiatry Research
Volume 152, Issue 2 , Pages 173-180 , 30 August 2007

T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia in acute psychotic episode and the course of the treatment

  • Katja Maino

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Nuβbaumstr. 7, 80336 München, Germany. Tel.: +49 89 5160 5886; fax: +49 89 5160 4490.
    • ,
  • Rudolf Gruber

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 7 80336 München, Germany
    • ,
  • Michael Riedel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
    • ,
  • Nicki Seitz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
    • ,
  • Markus Schwarz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
    • ,
  • Norbert Müller

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany

Received 27 May 2005 ,Revised 11 June 2006 ,Accepted 29 June 2006.

References 

  1. Arolt V, Weitzsch C, Wilke I, Nolte A, Pinnow M, Rothermundt M, et al. Production of interferon-gamma in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 1997;66:145–152
  2. Arolt V, Rothermundt M, Wandinger KP, Kirchner H. Decreased in vitro production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in whole blood of patients with schizophrenia during treatment. Molecular Psychiatry. 2000;5:150–158
  3. Bechter K. The mild encephalitis-hypothesis—new findings and studies. Psychiatrische Praxis. 2004;(Suppl 1):41–43
  4. Besedovsky H, del Rey A. Neuroendocrine and metabolic responses induced by interleukin-1. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 1987;18:172–178
  5. Bruce LC, Peebles A. Quantitative and qualitative leukocyte counts in various forms of mental disease. Journal of Mental Science. 1904;50:409–417
  6. Cazzullo CL, Scarone S, Grassi B, Vismara C, Trabattoni D, Clerici M. Cytokines production in chronic schizophrenia patients with or without paranoid behaviour. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1998;22:947–957
  7. Coffey CE, Sullivan JL, Rice JR. T lymphocytes in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1983;18:113–119
  8. Dameshek W. White blood cells in dementia praecox and dementia paralytica. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 1930;24:855
  9. DeLisi LE, Goodman S, Neckers LM, Wyatt RJ. An analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry. 1982;17:1003–1009
  10. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. The sympathetic nerve—an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacological Reviews. 2000;52:595–638
  11. Frommberger UH, Bauer J, Haselbauer P, Fräulin A, Riemann D, Berger M. Interleukin-6-(IL-6) plasma levels in depression and schizophrenia: comparison between the acute state and after remission. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1997;247:228–233
  12. Gruber R, Reiter C, Riethmüller G. Triple immunofluorescence flow cytometry, using whole blood, of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes expressing CD45RO and CD45RA. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1993;163:173–179
  13. Hama T, Kushima Y, Miyamoto M, Kubota M, Takei N, Hatanaka H. Interleukin-6 improves the survival of mesencephalic catecholaminergic and septal cholinergic neurons from postnatal, two-week-old rats in cultures. Neurosciences. 1991;40:445–452
  14. Kay SR, Fitzbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANNS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  15. Kipnis J, Cohen C, Cardon M, Ziv Y, Schwartz M. T cell deficiency leads to cognitive dysfunction: implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:8180–8185
  16. Kirch DG. Infection and autoimmunity as etiologic factors in schizophrenia: a review and reappraisal. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993;19:355–370
  17. Mach DM, Schütt C, Börner I. Schizophrenie und B-Lymphozytenalteration-eine Hypothese. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie. 1983;35:390–397
  18. Maes M, Bosmans E, Calabrese J, Smith R, Meltzer HY. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia an mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1995;29:141–152
  19. Maes M, Chiavetto LB, Bignotti S, Tura GJ, Pioli R, Boin F, et al. Effects of atypical antipsychotics on the inflammatory response system in schizophrenic patients resistant to treatment with typical neuroleptics. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;10:119–124
  20. McAllister CG, Rapaport MH, Pickar D, Paul SM. Effects of short-term administration of antipsychotic drugs on lymphocyte subsets in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;46:956–957
  21. Müller N, Ackenheil M, Eckstein R, Hofschuster E, Mempel W. Reduced suppressor cell function in psychiatric patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1987;496:686–690
  22. Müller N, Ackenheil M, Hofschuster E, Mempel W, Eckstein R. Cellular immunity in schizophrenic patients before and during neuroleptic treatment. Psychiatry Research. 1991;37:147–160
  23. Müller N, Riedel M, Ackenheil M, Schwarz M. The role of immune function in schizophrenia: an overview. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1999;249(Suppl 4):62–68
  24. Müller N, Riedel M, Scheppach C, Brandstätter B, Sokkullu S, Krampe K, et al. Beneficial anti-psychotic effects of celecoxib add-on therapy compared to risperidone alone in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:1029–1034
  25. Müller N, Ulmschneider M, Scheppach C, Schwarz M, Ackenheil M, Möller HJ, et al. COX-2 inhibition as a treatment approach in schizophrenia: Immunological considerations and clinical effects of celecoxib add-on therapy. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004;254:14–22
  26. Nyland H, Naess A, Lunde H. Lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980;61:313–318
  27. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Kirch DG, Pickar D. The effects of typical and atypical neuroleptics on mitogen-induced T lymphocyte responsiveness. Biological Psychiatry. 1990;29:715–717
  28. Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Weitzsch C, Eckhof D, Kirchner H. Immunological dysfunction in schizophrenia: a systemic approach. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;37:186–193
  29. Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Leadbeater J, Peters M, Rudolf S, Kirchner H. Cytokine production in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients. NeuroReport. 2000;11:3385–3388
  30. Schwarz M, Riedel M, Gruber R, Ackenheil M, Müller N. Antibodies to heat shock proteins in schizophrenic patients: implications for the mechanism of the disease. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1103–1104
  31. Schwarz M, Müller N, Riedel M, Ackenheil M. The Th2-hypothesis of schizophrenia: a strategy to identify a subgroup of schizophrenia caused by immune mechanisms. Medical Hypotheses. 2001;56:483–486
  32. Sperner-Unterweger B, Whitworth A, Kemmler G, Hilbe W, Thaler J, Weiss G, et al. T-cell subsets in schizophrenia: a comparison between drug-naive first episode patients and chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research. 1999;38:61–70
  33. Theodoropoulou S, Spanakos G, Baxevanis CN, Economou M, Gritzapis AD, Papamichail MP, et al. Cytokine serum levels, autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction and surface marker analysis in never medicated and chronically medicated schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;47:13–25
  34. Villemain F, Chatenoud L, Galinowski A, Homo-Delarche F, Genestet D, Loo H, et al. Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: deficient interleukin-2 production. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989;146:609–616
  35. Wilke I, Arolt V, Rothermundt M, Weitzsch Ch, Hornberg M, Kirchner H. Investigations of cytokine production in whole blood cultures of paranoid and residual schizophrenic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1996;246:279–284
  36. Zalcman S, Green-Johnson JM, Nance DM, Dyck D, Anisman H, Greenberg AH. Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by IL-1,2,6. Brain Research. 1994;643:40–49
  37. Zorrilla EP, Cannon TD, Gur RE, Kessler J. Leukocytes and organ-nonspecific autoantibodies in schizophrenics and their siblings: markers of vulnerability or disease?. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:825–833
  38. Zorrilla EP, Cannon TD, Kessler J, Gur RE. Leukocyte differentials predict short-term clinical outcome following antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;43:887–896

PII: S0165-1781(06)00197-1

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.004

Psychiatry Research
Volume 152, Issue 2 , Pages 173-180 , 30 August 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution