Psychiatry Research
Volume 151, Issue 1 , Pages 97-106 , 30 May 2007

Expressed emotion, attributions, utility beliefs, and distress in parents of young people with first episode psychosis

  • Catharine McNab

      Affiliations

    • School of Behavioral Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
    • ORYGEN Youth Health, Melbourne, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. School of Behavioral Science, University of Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 8344 6345; fax: +61 3 9347 6618.
    • ,
  • Nick Haslam

      Affiliations

    • School of Behavioral Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
    • ,
  • Peter Burnett

      Affiliations

    • ORYGEN Youth Health, Melbourne, Australia
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia

Received 28 August 2005 ,Revised 28 May 2006 ,Accepted 8 August 2006.

References 

  1. Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Jacob S, Kronmueller K-T, Backenstrass M, Mundt C, et al. Expressed emotion in relatives of first-episode and chronic patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder – a comparison. Psychiatry Research. 2002;112:239–250
  2. Barrowclough C, Hooley JM. Attributions and expressed emotion: a review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2003;23:849–880
  3. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N. Families of Schizophrenic Patients: Cognitive Behavioral Intervention. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall; 1992;
  4. Barrowclough C, Johnston M, Tarrier N. Attributions, expressed emotion, and patient relapse: an attributional model of relatives' response to schizophrenic illness. Behavior Therapy. 1994;25:67–88
  5. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N, Johnston M. Distress, expressed emotion, and attributions in relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1996;22:691–702
  6. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Lowens I, Connor A, Pidliswyj J, Tracey N. Staff expressed emotion and causal attributions for client problems on a low security unit: an exploratory study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2001;27:517–526
  7. Barrowclough C, Lobban F, Hatton C, Quinn J. An investigation of models of illness in carers of schizophrenia patients using the Illness Perception Questionnaire. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001;40:371–385
  8. Bolton C, Calam R, Barrowclough C, Peters S, Roberts J, Wearden A, et al. Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 2003;44:242–254
  9. Brewin CR. Cognitive Foundations of Clinical Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988;
  10. Brewin CR. Changes in attribution and expressed emotion among the relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 1994;24:905–911
  11. Brewin CR, MacCarthy B, Duda K, Vaughn CE. Attribution and expressed emotion in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1991;100:546–554
  12. Butzlaff RL, Hooley JM. Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998;55:547–552
  13. Cornah D, Sonuga-Barke E, Stevenson J, Thompson M. The impact of maternal mental health and child's behavioural difficulties on attributions about child behaviours. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003;42:69–79
  14. Gleeson J, Jackson HJ, Stavely H, Burnett P. Family intervention in early psychosis. In:  McGorry PD,  Jackson HJ editor. The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventive Approach. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 1999;p. 376–406
  15. Goldberg DP, Blackwell P. A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson; 1988;
  16. Greenley JR. Social control and expressed emotion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1986;174:24–30
  17. Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter?. Psychological Medicine. 2003;33:97–110
  18. Harvey K, Burns T, Fahy T, Manley C, Tattan T. Relatives of patients with severe psychotic illness: factors that influence appraisal of caregiving and psychological distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001;36:456–461
  19. Heikkilä J, Karlsson H, Taiminen T, Lauerma H, Ilonen T, Leinonen K-M, et al. Expressed emotion is not associated with disorder severity in first-episode mental disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2002;111:155–165
  20. Hinrichsen GA, Lieberman JA. Family attributions and coping in the prediction of emotional adjustment in family members of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999;100:359–366
  21. Hooley JM. Expressed emotion: a review of the critical literature. Clinical Psychology Review. 1985;5:119–139
  22. Hooley JM. Expressed emotion and depression: interactions between patients and high-versus low-expressed-emotion spouses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986;95:237–246
  23. Hooley JM. The nature and origins of expressed emotion. In:  Hahlweg K,  Goldstein MJ editor. Understanding Major Mental Disorder: The Contribution of Family Interaction Research. The Family Process Press Monograph Series. New York: Family Process Press; 1987;p. 176–194
  24. Hooley JM, Campbell C. Control and controllability: beliefs and behaviour in high and low expressed emotion relatives. Psychological Medicine. 2002;32:1091–1099
  25. Hooley JM, Licht DM. Expressed emotion and causal attributions in the spouses of depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106:298–306
  26. Hooley JM, Teasdale JD. Predictors of relapse in unipolar depressives: expressed emotion, marital distress, and perceived criticism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989;98:229–235
  27. Hooley JM, Richters JE, Weintraub S, Neale JM. Psychopathology and marital distress: the positive side of positive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1987;96:27–33
  28. Leff J, Vaughn C. Expressed Emotion in Families: Its Significance for Mental Illness. 1985;Guilford, New York
  29. Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Falloon IR, Doane JA. Interactional correlates of expressed emotion in the families of schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1984;144:482–487
  30. Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Doane JA, Nuechterlein KH, Strachan AM, Snyder KS, et al. Is expressed emotion an index of a transactional process? I. Parents' affective style. Family Process. 1989;28:153–167
  31. Patterson P, Birchwood M, Cochrane R. Preventing the entrenchment of high expressed emotion in first episode psychosis: early developmental attachment pathways. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;34:S191–S197Suppl
  32. Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;26:71–80
  33. Provencher HL, Perreault M, St-Onge M, Rousseau M. Predictors of psychological distress in family caregivers of persons with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2003;10:592–607
  34. Scazufca M, Kuipers E. Stability of expressed emotion in relatives of those with schizophrenia and its relationship with burden of care and perception of patients' social functioning. Psychological Medicine. 1998;28:453–461
  35. Smith J, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, George S. The needs of high and low expressed emotion families: a normative approach. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1993;28:11–16
  36. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Ward J, Donaldson C, Burns A, Gregg L. Expressed emotion and attributions in the carers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: the effect on carer burden. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002;111:340–349
  37. Thompson KN, McGorry PD, Harrigan SM. Recovery style and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2003;62:31–36
  38. Vaughn C, Leff J. The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1976;15:157–165
  39. Vaughn C, Leff J, Sarner M. Relatives' expressed emotion and the course of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1999;47:461–469
  40. Weiner B. An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1985;
  41. Weisman AG, Nuechterlein KH, Goldstein MJ, Snyder K. Expressed emotion, attributions, and schizophrenia symptom dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998;107:355–359
  42. Weisman AG, Nuechterlein KH, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS. Controllability perceptions and reactions to symptoms of schizophrenia: a within-family comparison of relatives with high and low expressed emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000;109:167–171
  43. Wendel JS, Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, George EL. Expressed emotion and attributions in the relatives of bipolar patients: an analysis of problem-solving interactions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000;109:792–796
  44. White C, Barrowclough C. Depressed and non-depressed mothers with problematic preschoolers: attributions for child behaviours. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1998;37:385–398
  45. Wiedemann G, Rayki O, Feinstein E, Hahlweg K. The Family Questionnaire: development and validation of a new self-report scale for assessing expressed emotion. Psychiatry Research. 2002;109:265–280

PII: S0165-1781(06)00220-4

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.004

Psychiatry Research
Volume 151, Issue 1 , Pages 97-106 , 30 May 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution