Psychiatry Research
Volume 166, Issue 2 , Pages 166-173 , 30 April 2009

A potential qualitative endophenotype for schizophrenia: Backward masking response to red light

  • Jeffrey S. Bedwell

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-1390, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 407 823 5858; fax: +1 407 823 5862.
  • ,
  • Diana M. Orem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-1390, United States
  • ,
  • Yuri Rassovsky

      Affiliations

    • UCLA Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  • ,
  • Luis G. Allen

      Affiliations

    • Center for Behavioral Health, Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
  • ,
  • Scott R. Sutterby

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-1390, United States

Received 17 December 2007 ,Revised 10 March 2008 ,Accepted 13 March 2008.

References 

  1. Bedwell JS, Brown JM, Miller LS. The magnocellular visual system and schizophrenia: what can the color red tell us?. Schizophrenia Research. 2003;63:273–284
  2. Bedwell JS, Miller LS, Brown JM, McDowell JE, Yanasak NE. Functional magnetic resonance imaging examination of the magnocellular visual pathway in nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;71:509–510
  3. Bedwell JS, Brown JM, Yanasak NE, Miller LS. Schizophrenia and red light: fMRI evidence for a novel biobehavioral marker. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;116:881–894
  4. Bedwell JS, Brown JM, Orem DM. The effect of a red background on location backward masking by structure. Perception and Psychophysics. 2008;70(3):503–507
  5. Braff DL. Impaired speed of information processing in nonmedicated schizotypal patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1981;7:499–508
  6. Braff DL, Saccuzzo DP. The time course of information-processing deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985;142:170–174
  7. Breitmeyer BG, Ganz L. Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychological Review. 1976;83:1–36
  8. Breitmeyer BG, Williams MC. Effects of isoluminant-background color on metacontrast and stroboscopic motion: interactions between sustained (P) and transient (M) channels. Vision Research. 1990;30:1069–1075
  9. Breitmeyer BG, Breier JI. Effects of background color on reaction time to stimuli varying in size and contrast: inferences about human M channels. Vision Research. 1994;34:1039–1045
  10. Breitmeyer BG, May JG, Heller SS. Metacontrast reveals asymmetries at red–green isoluminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 1991;8:1324–1329
  11. Brown JM, Koch C. Influences of occlusion, color, and luminance on the perception of fragmented pictures. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2000;90:1033–1044
  12. Butler PD, Martinez A, Foxe JJ, Kim D, Zemon V, Silipo G, et al. Subcortical visual dysfunction in schizophrenia drives secondary cortical impairments. Brain. 2007;130:417–430
  13. Cadenhead KS, Perry W, Braff DL. The relationship of information-processing deficits and clinical symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:853–858
  14. Cadenhead KS, Serper Y, Braff DL. Transient versus sustained visual channels in the visual backward masking deficits of schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry. 1998;43:132–138
  15. Cavanagh P, Tyler CW, Favreau OE. Perceived velocity of moving chromatic gratings. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 1984;1:893–899
  16. Chapman C, Hoag R, Giaschi D. The effect of disrupting the human magnocellular pathway on global motion perception. Vision Research. 2004;44:2551–2557
  17. Chen Y, Levy DL, Sheremata S, Holzman PS. Compromised late-stage motion processing in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;55:834–841
  18. de Monasterio FM. Properties of concentrically organized X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1978;41:1394–1417
  19. Dreher B, Fukada Y, Rodieck RW. Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of old-world primates. Journal of Physiology. 1976;258:433–452
  20. Edwards VT, Hogben JH, Clark CD, Pratt C. Effects of a red background on magnocellular functioning in average and specifically disabled readers. Vision Research. 1996;36:1037–1045
  21. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 1997;
  22. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  23. Green M, Walker E. Symptom correlates of vulnerability to backward masking in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;143:181–186
  24. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J. Backward masking in schizophrenia and mania: II. Specifying the visual channels. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:945–951
  25. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B. Backward masking performance in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients. Evidence for a vulnerability indicator [published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Sep;54(9):846]. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997;54:465–472
  26. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B. Development of a computerized assessment for visual masking. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2002;11:83–89
  27. Green MF, Mintz J, Salveson D, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Light GA, et al. Visual masking as a probe for abnormal gamma range activity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2003;53:1113–1119
  28. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Tsuang J, Mintz J. Forward and backward visual masking in schizophrenia: influence of age. Psychological Medicine. 2003;33:887–895
  29. Gutherie AH, McDowell JE, Hammond BR. Scotopic sensitivity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;84:378–385
  30. Harvey PD, Keefe RSE, Mitroupolou V, DuPre R, Roitman SL, Mohs RC, et al. Information-processing markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia: performance of patients with schizotypal and nonschizotypal personality disorders. Psychiatry Research. 1996;60:49–56
  31. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  32. Keri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach. Psychological Medicine. 2001;31:915–922
  33. Kim D, Zemon V, Saperstein A, Butler PD, Javitt DC. Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia: harmonic analysis. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;76:55–65
  34. Kim D, Wylie G, Pasternak R, Butler PD, Javitt DC. Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;82:1–8
  35. Kruger J. Stimulus dependent colour specificity of monkey lateral geniculate neurones. Experimental Brain Research. 1977;30:297–311
  36. Lieb K, Denz E, Hess R, Schuttler R, Kornhuber HH, Schreiber H. Preattentive information processing as measured by backward masking and texton detection tasks in adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1996;21:171–182
  37. Livingstone MS, Hubel DH. Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 1984;4:309–356
  38. Rassovsky Y, Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Mintz J. Paracontrast and metacontrast in schizophrenia: clarifying the mechanism for visual masking deficits. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;71:485–492
  39. Saccuzzo DP, Braff DL. Information-processing abnormalities: trait- and state-dependent components. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1986;12:447–459
  40. Saccuzzo DP, Hirt M, Spencer TJ. Backward masking as a measure of attention in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1974;83:512–522
  41. Schwartz BD, Winstead DK, Adinoff B. Temporal integration deficit in visual information processing by chronic schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry. 1983;18:1311–1320
  42. Skottun BC. On the use of red stimuli to isolate magnocellular responses in psychophysical experiments: a perspective. Visual Neuroscience. 2004;21:63–68
  43. Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate nucleus body of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1966;29:1115–1156

PII: S0165-1781(08)00074-7

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.013

Psychiatry Research
Volume 166, Issue 2 , Pages 166-173 , 30 April 2009