Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 97-102 , 30 December 2009

Cognitive impairments, emotion, stress, and language in schizophrenia

Received 29 April 2008 ,Revised 1 August 2008 ,Accepted 24 August 2008.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). In: American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 1994;
  2. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173–1182
  3. Bergdahl J, Bergdahl M. Perceived stress in adults: prevalence and association of depression, anxiety and medication in a Swedish population. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2002;18:235–241
  4. Brown GW, Rutter ML. The measurement of family activities and relationships. Human Relations. 1966;19:241–263
  5. Brown GW, Birley JL, Wing JK. Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1972;121:241–258
  6. Burbridge JA, Barch DM. Emotional valence and reference disturbance in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002;111:186–191
  7. Burbridge JA, Larsen RJ, Barch DM. Affective reactivity in language: the role of psychophysiological arousal. Emotion. 2005;5:145–153
  8. Cohen AS, Docherty NM. Affective reactivity of speech and emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;69:7–14
  9. Cutting LP, Aakre JM, Docherty NM. Schizophrenic patients' perceptions of stress, expressed emotion, and sensitivity to criticism. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006;32:743–750
  10. der Heiden W, Konnecke R, Maurer K, Ropeter D, Hafner H. Depression in the long-term course of schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2005;255:174–184
  11. Docherty NM. Affective reactivity of symptoms as a process discriminator in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996;184:535–541
  12. Docherty NM, Grillon C. Affective reactivity of language and the startle response in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1995;38:68–70
  13. Docherty NM, Hebert AS. Comparative affective reactivity of different types of communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106:325–330
  14. Docherty NM, Cohen AS, Nienow TM, Dinzeo TJ, Dangelmaier RE. Stability of formal thought disorder and referential communication disturbances in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003;112:469–475
  15. Docherty NM, DeRosa M, Andreasen NC. Communication disturbances in schizophrenia and mania. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996;53:358–364
  16. Docherty NM, Grosh ES, Wexler BE. Affective reactivity of cognitive functioning and family history in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;39:59–64
  17. Docherty NM, Hall MJ, Gordinier SW. Affective reactivity of speech in schizophrenia patients and their nonschizophrenic relatives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998;107:461–467
  18. Docherty NM, Hall MJ, Gordinier SW, Cutting LP. Conceptual sequencing and disordered speech in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2000;26:723–735
  19. Docherty NM, Rhinewine JP, Labhart RP, Gordinier SW. Communication disturbances and family psychiatric history in parents of schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998;186:761–768
  20. Docherty NM, St-Hilaire A, Aakre JM, Seghers JP. Life events and high trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia. In: Paper presented at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Colorado Springs, CO. 2007;
  21. Docherty NM, Strauss ME, Dinzeo TJ, St-Hilaire A. The cognitive origins of specific types of schizophrenic speech disturbances. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163:2111–2118
  22. Fowler D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis: from understanding to treatment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills. 2000;4:199–215
  23. Freeman D, Garety PA. Connecting neurosis and psychosis: the direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003;41:923–947
  24. Garety PA, Kuipers E, Freeman D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine. 2001;31:189–195
  25. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J, Mintz J. The temporal relationship between depressive and psychotic symptoms in recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:179–182
  26. Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2005;1:293–319
  27. Henik A, Carter CS, Salo R, Chaderjian M, Kraft L, Nordahl TE, et al. Attentional control and word inhibition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 2002;110:137–149
  28. Ilgen MA, Hutchison KE. A history of major depressive disorder and the response to stress. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2005;86:143–150
  29. Koreen AR, Siris SG, Chakos M, Alvir J, Mayerhoff D, Lieberman J. Depression in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:1643–1648
  30. Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Hanssen M, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Bak M, et al. Development of depressed mood predicts onset of psychotic disorder in individuals who report hallucinatory experiences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005;44:113–125
  31. Levitt JJ, Nestor PG, Karapelou ME, Law S, O'Donnell BF, McCarley RW. Spatial working memory in schizophrenia: cognitive correlates. In: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Miami, FL. 1995;
  32. Mclean V. Stress, depression and role conflict in working mothers. South African Psychiatry Review. 2002;5:13–16
  33. Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological Review. 2005;112:417–445
  34. Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul PAEG, de Vries MW. Schizophrenia patients are more emotionally active than is assumed based on their behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2000;26:847–853
  35. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Green MF. Information-processing abnormalities as neuropsychological vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum. 1994;90:71–79
  36. Nuechterlein KH, Parasuraman R, Jiang Q. Visual sustained attention: image degradation produces rapid sensitivity decrement over time. Science. 1983;220:327–329
  37. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports. 1962;10:799–812
  38. Reitan RM, Davidson LA. Clinical Neuropsychology: Current Status and Applications. 1974;New York
  39. Rutter M, Brown GW. The reliability and validity of measures of family life and relationships in families containing a psychiatric patient. Social Psychiatry. 1966;1:38–53
  40. Shipley WC. A self-administering scale for measuring intellectual impairment and deterioration. Journal of Psychology. 1940;9:371–377
  41. Smith B, Fowler DG, Freeman D, Bebbington P, Bashforth H, Garety P, et al. Emotion and psychosis: links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;86:181–188
  42. Spitzer JA, Endicott J. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. New York: New York Psychiatric Institute; 1978;
  43. Vaughn C, Leff J. The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1976;15:157–165
  44. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1981;

PII: S0165-1781(08)00265-5

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.08.004

Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 97-102 , 30 December 2009

Article Tools