Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 161-167 , 30 December 2009

Defining “good” and “poor” outcomes in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A multidimensional data-driven approach

  • Ilya A. Lipkovich

      Affiliations

    • Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding authors. Lipkovich is to be contacted at Tel.: +1 317 651 6095; fax: +1 317 276 7100. Kollack-Walker, Tel.: +1 317 433 4654; fax: +1 317 276 7100.
  • ,
  • Walter Deberdt

      Affiliations

    • Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
  • ,
  • John G. Csernansky

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
  • ,
  • Peter Buckley

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, 1515 Pope Avenue, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
  • ,
  • Joseph Peuskens

      Affiliations

    • The Catholic University of Leuven, University Centre St Jozef, Kortenberg, Belgium
  • ,
  • Sara Kollack-Walker

      Affiliations

    • Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding authors. Lipkovich is to be contacted at Tel.: +1 317 651 6095; fax: +1 317 276 7100. Kollack-Walker, Tel.: +1 317 433 4654; fax: +1 317 276 7100.
  • ,
  • Matthew Rotelli

      Affiliations

    • Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
  • ,
  • John P. Houston

      Affiliations

    • Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA

Received 28 September 2007 ,Revised 13 February 2008 ,Accepted 19 September 2008.

References 

  1. Agid O, Kapur S, Arenovich T, Zipursky RB. Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003;60:1228–1235
  2. Agid O, Seeman P, Kapur S. The “delayed onset” of antipsychotic action—an idea whose time has come and gone. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience. 2006;31:93–100
  3. Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:441–449
  4. Baynes D, Mulholland C, Cooper SJ, Montgomery RC, MacFlynn G, Lynch G, et al. Depressive symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenia: prevalence and relationship to psychopathology and treatment. Schizophrenia Research. 2000;45:47–56
  5. Breier A, Berg PH, Thakore JH, Naber D, Gatttaz WF, Cavazzoni P, et al. Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: results of a 28-week double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:1879–1887
  6. Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 1983;
  7. Correll CU, Malhotra AK, Kaushik S, McMeniman M, Kane JM. Early prediction of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:2063–2065
  8. Corrigan PW. Recovery from schizophrenia and the role of evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2006;6:993–1004
  9. Di Michele V, Bolino F. The natural course of schizophrenia and psychopathological predictors of outcome. A community-based cohort study. Psychopathology. 2004;37:98–104
  10. Dollfus S, Everitt B, Ribeyre JM, Assouly-Besse F, Sharp C, Petit M. Identifying subtypes of schizophrenia by cluster analyses. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1996;22:545–555
  11. Emsley RA, Oosthuizen PP, Joubert AF, Roberts MC, Stein DJ. Depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;60:747–751
  12. Everitt BS. Cluster Analysis. 3rd edition. London: Edward Arnold; 1993;
  13. Greenwood KE, Landau S, Wykes T. Negative symptoms and specific cognitive impairments as combined targets for improved functional outcome within cognitive remediation therapy. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2005;31:910–921
  14. Gunatilake S, Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Brown S, Silva W. Rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2004;10:2277–2288
  15. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1984;10:388–398
  16. Hoffmann H, Kupper Z. Relationships between social competence, psychopathology and work performance and their predictive value for vocational rehabilitation of schizophrenic outpatients. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;23:69–79
  17. Jin H, Zisook S, Palmer BW, Patterson TL, Heaton RK, Jeste DV. Association of depressive symptoms with worse functioning in schizophrenia: a study in older outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001;62:797–803
  18. Kane JM, McEvoy JP. Time course of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia. Practical implicationsAmerican Journal of Managed Care. 2007;1–8
  19. Kay SR, Opler LA, Fjalland B. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems; 1986;North Tonawanda
  20. Keefe RSE, Young CA, Rock SL, Purdon SE, Gold JM, Breier A, et al. One-year double-blind study of the neurocognitive efficacy of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;81:1–15
  21. Kinon BJ, Lipkovich I, Edwards SB, Adams DH, Ascher-Svanum H, Siris SG. A 24-week randomized study of olanzapine versus ziprasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in patients with prominent depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;26:157–162
  22. Kinon BJ, Noordsy DL, Liu-Seifert H, Gulliver AH, Ascher-Svanum H, Kollack-Walker S. Randomized, double-blind 6-month comparison of olanzapine and quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with prominent negative symptoms and poor functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;26:157–162
  23. Leucht S, Busch R, Hamann J, Kissling W, Kane JM. Early-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic drug action: a hypothesis tested, confirmed and extended. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57:1543–1549
  24. Liberman RP, Kopelowicz A. Recovery from schizophrenia: a concept in search of research. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56:735–742
  25. Lieberman JA, Tollefson GD, Charles C, Zipursky R, Sharma T, Kahn RS, et al. Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:361–370
  26. Lindenmayer JP, Grochowski S, Hyman RB. Five factor model of schizophrenia: replication across samples. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;14:119–134
  27. Lipkovich IA, Smith EP. Biplot and SVD macros for EXCEL. Journal of Statistical Software. 2002;7:5
  28. Lora A, Cosentino U, Rossini MS, Lanzara D. A cluster analysis of patients with schizophrenia in community care. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:682–684
  29. Marder SR, Davis JM, Chouinard G. The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: combined results of the North American trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58:538–546
  30. Nasrallah HA, Lasser R. Improving patient outcomes in schizophrenia: achieving remission. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006;20(6 Suppl):57–61
  31. Norman RM, Malla AK, Cortese L, Cheng S, Diaz K, McIntosh E, et al. Symptoms and cognition as predictors of community functioning: a prospective analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:400–405
  32. Peuskens J, Kaufman L, Van Vleymen B. Analysis of resolution criteria in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine for an acute psychotic episode. Schizophrenia Research. 2007;95(1–3):169–173
  33. Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Haim R, Hafner H. The course of schizophrenia: progressive deterioration, amelioration or both?. Schizophrenia Research. 2007;91:254–258
  34. Rieckmann N, Reichenberg A, Bowie CR, Parrella M, White L, Friedman JI, et al. Depressed mood and its functional correlates in institutionalized schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;77:179–187
  35. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:473–479
  36. Rubin DB. In: Multiple Imputation of Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1987;p. 166–167
  37. Rund BR. Fully recovered schizophrenics: a retrospective study of some premorbid and treatment factors. Psychiatry. 1990;53:127–139
  38. Smith TE, Hull JW, Huppert JD, Silverstein SM. Recovery from psychosis in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: symptoms and neurocognitive rate-limiters for the development of social behavior skills. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;55:229–237
  39. Tamminga CA, Buchanan RW, Gold JM. The role of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia outcome. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998;13(Suppl 3):S21–26
  40. Therneau TM, Atkinson EJ. An introduction to recursive partitioning using the rpart routine. In: Technical Report. Mayo Clinic Section of Statistics. 1997;
  41. Torgalsboen AK. Full recovery from schizophrenia: the prognostic role of premorbid adjustment, symptoms at first admission, precipitating events and gender. Psychiatry Research. 1999;88:143–152
  42. Torgalsboen AK, Rund BR. “Full recovery” from schizophrenia in the long term: a ten-year follow-up of eight former schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry. 1998;61:20–34
  43. Tran PV, Hamilton SH, Kuntz AJ, Potvin JH, Andersen SW, Beasley C, et al. Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus riseridone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997;17:407–418
  44. van Os J, Burns T, Cavallaro R, Leucht S, Peuskens J, Helldin L, et al. Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2006;113:91–95
  45. Yan M, Ye K. Determining the number of clusters using the weighted gap statistic. Biometrics. 2007;63:1031–1037

 This work has been previously presented at scientific meetings including the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Annual Conference in Washington, DC, March 3–5, 2005; Society of Biological Psychiatry Annual Conference in Atlanta, GA, May 19–21, 2005; and New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Annual Conference in Boca Raton, FL, June 6–9, 2005.

PII: S0165-1781(08)00311-9

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.004

Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 161-167 , 30 December 2009