Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 192-198 , 30 December 2009

ADHD latent class clusters: DSM-IV subtypes and comorbidity

  • Josephine Elia

      Affiliations

    • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
    • The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Science Center Suite 200; 3440 Market St. Philadelphia, PA. 19104-6209, United States.
  • ,
  • Mauricio Arcos-Burgos

      Affiliations

    • University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  • ,
  • Kelly L. Bolton

      Affiliations

    • National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  • ,
  • Paul J. Ambrosini

      Affiliations

    • Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  • ,
  • Wade Berrettini

      Affiliations

    • The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  • ,
  • Maximilian Muenke

      Affiliations

    • National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States

Received 28 December 2007 ,Revised 22 August 2008 ,Accepted 13 October 2008.

References 

  1. Althoff RR, Copeland WE, Stanger C, Derks EM, Todd RD, Neuman RJ, et al. The latent class structure of ADHD is stable across informants. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2006;9:507–522
  2. Ambrosini PJ. Historical development and present status of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:49–58
  3. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1999;40:57–87
  4. Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148:564–577
  5. Brown RT, Freeman WS, Perrin JM, Stein MT, Amler RW, Feldman HM, et al. Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E43
  6. Cantwell DP. Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;35:978–987
  7. Caron C, Rutter M. Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1991;32:1063–1080
  8. Chang FM, Kidd JR, Livak KJ, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK. The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus. Human Genetics. 1996;98:91–101
  9. de Nijs PF, Ferdinand RF, Verhulst FC. No hyperactive–impulsive subtype in teacher-rated attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;16:25–32
  10. Faraone SV, Khan SA. Candidate gene studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl 8):13–20
  11. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57:1313–1323
  12. Hagenaars J. Latent structure models with direct effects between indicators: local dependence models. Sociological Methods and Research. 1988;16:379–405
  13. Heiligenstein E, Conyers LM, Berns AR, Miller MA. Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. Journal of the American College of Health. 1998;46:185–188
  14. Hollingshead, A., 1975. Four Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven; 1975.
  15. Hudziak JJ, Heath AC, Madden PF, Reich W, Bucholz KK, Slutske W, et al. Latent class and factor analysis of DSM-IV ADHD: a twin study of fema,le adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998;37:848–857
  16. Hurtig T, Ebeling H, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Smalley SL, McGough JJ, et al. ADHD symptoms and subtypes: relationship between childhood and adolescent symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46:1605–1613
  17. Jain M, Palacio LG, Castellanos FX, Palacio JD, Pineda D, Restrepo MI, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders: evidence of pleiotropy and new susceptibility loci. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;
  18. Jensen PS, Martin D, Cantwell DP. Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36:1065–1079
  19. Kooij JJ, Buitelaar JK, van den Oord EJ, Furer JW, Rijnders CA, Hodiamont PP. Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine. 2005;35:817–827
  20. Kuntsi J, Rijsdijk F, Ronald A, Asherson P, Plomin R. Genetic influences on the stability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms from early to middle childhood. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57:647–654
  21. Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Loney J, Lee SS, Willcutt E. Instability of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:896–902
  22. Larsson JO, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P. Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: a longitudinal twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43:1267–1275
  23. Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Larsson JO. Genetic contributions to the development of ADHD subtypes from childhood to adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45:973–981
  24. Lee SI, Schachar RJ, Chen SX, Ornstein TJ, Charach A, Barr C, et al. Predictive validity of DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2008;49:70–78
  25. Neuman RJ, Todd RD, Heath AC, Reich W, Hudziak JJ, Bucholz KK, et al. Evaluation of ADHD typology in three contrasting samples: a latent class approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;38:25–33
  26. Neuman RJ, Heath A, Reich W, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Sun L, et al. Latent class analysis of ADHD and comorbid symptoms in a population sample of adolescent female twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2001;42:933–942
  27. Neuman RJ, Sitdhiraksa N, Reich W, Ji TH, Joyner CA, Sun LW, et al. Estimation of prevalence of DSM-IV and latent class-defined ADHD subtypes in a population-based sample of child and adolescent twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2005;8:392–401
  28. Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Heath AC, Levy F, Hay DA, Todd RD. Replication of the latent class structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes in a sample of Australian twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2002;43:1018–1028
  29. Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Heath AC, Levy F, Hay DA, Todd RD. Familial clustering of latent class and DSM-IV defined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2004;45:589–598
  30. Rohde LA, Barbosa G, Polanczyk G, Eizirik M, Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, et al. Factor and latent class analysis of DSM-IV ADHD symptoms in a school sample of Brazilian adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:711–718
  31. Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M. Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2000;9:541–555vii
  32. Smalley SL, McGough JJ, Moilanen IK, Loo SK, Taanila A, Ebeling H, et al. Prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an adolescent Finnish population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46:1575–1583
  33. Spencer TJ. ADHD and comorbidity in childhood. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl 8):27–31
  34. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1978;35:773–782
  35. Todd RD, Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Reich W, Hudziak JJ, Bucholz KK, et al. Familiality and heritability of subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population sample of adolescent female twins. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1891–1898
  36. Todd RD, Lobos EA, Sun LW, Neuman RJ. Mutational analysis of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit gene in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for association of an intronic polymorphism with attention problems. Molecular Psychiatry. 2003;8:103–108
  37. Todd RD, Huang H, Smalley SL, Nelson SF, Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, et al. Collaborative analysis of DRD4 and DAT genotypes in population-defined ADHD subtypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2005;46:1067–1073
  38. Vermunt, J., 1997. LEM: a general program for the analysis of categorical data Tilberg University.
  39. Vermunt, J., Magidson, J., 2005. Technical Guide for Latent GOLD 4.0: Basic and Advanced. Belmont, Massachusetts: Statistical Innovations Inc.
  40. Volk HE, Neuman RJ, Todd RD. A systematic evaluation of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in a population-based twin sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44:768–775
  41. Volk HE, Henderson C, Neuman RJ, Todd RD. Validation of population-based ADHD subtypes and identification of three clinically impaired subtypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics; B Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 2006;141:312–318
  42. Willoughby MT, Curran PJ, Costello EJ, Angold A. Implications of early versus late onset of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:1512–1519

PII: S0165-1781(08)00356-9

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.008

Psychiatry Research
Volume 170, Issue 2 , Pages 192-198 , 30 December 2009