Psychiatry Research
Volume 169, Issue 2 , Pages 101-106 , 30 September 2009

Impaired recognition of happy, sad and neutral expressions in schizophrenia is emotion, but not valence, specific and context dependent

  • Henry Silver

      Affiliations

    • Brain Behavior Laboratory, Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel
    • Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Mobile Post Hefer 38814, Israel. Tel.: +972 4 6278160; fax: +972 4 6278004.
  • ,
  • Warren Bilker

      Affiliations

    • Schizophrenia Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    • Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
  • ,
  • Craig Goodman

      Affiliations

    • Brain Behavior Laboratory, Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel

Received 3 August 2008 ,Revised 10 November 2008 ,Accepted 18 November 2008.

References 

  1. Addington D, Addington J, Schissel B. A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research. 1990;3:247–251
  2. Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Journal of Neuroscience 16. 1996;23:7678–7687
  3. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: The University of Iowa; 1983;
  4. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: The University of Iowa; 1984;
  5. Archer J, Hay DC, Young AW. Movement, face processing and schizophrenia: evidence of a differential deficit in expression analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1994;33(Pt 4):517–528
  6. Bellack AS, Blanchard JJ, Mueser KT. Cue availability and affect perception in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1996;22(3):535–544
  7. Bryson G, Bell M, Lysaker P. Affect recognition in schizophrenia: a function of global impairment or a specific cognitive deficit. Psychiatry Research. 1997;71(2):105–1013
  8. Edwards J, Pattison PE, Jackson HJ, Wales RJ. Facial affect and affective prosody recognition in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;48(2–3):235–253
  9. Eimer M, Holmes A. Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(1):15–31
  10. Ellis HD, Lewis MB. Capgras delusion: a window on face recognition. Trends In Cognitive Science. 2001;5:149–156
  11. Elvevag B, Goldberg TE. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Critical Reviews of Neurobiology. 2000;14:1–21
  12. Erwin RJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, et al. Facial emotion discrimination: I. Task construction and behavioral findings in normal subjects. Psychiatry Research. 1992;42:231–240
  13. Esslen M, Pascual-Marqui RD, Hell D, Kochi K, Lehmann D. Brain areas and time course of emotional processing. Neuroimage. 2004;21(4):1189–1203
  14. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975;12:189–198
  15. Gaebel W, Wolwer W. Facial expression and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia and depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1992;242(1):46–52
  16. Galli G, Feurra M, Viggiano MP. Did you see him in the newspaper” Electrophysiological correlates of context and valence in face processing. Brain Research. 2006;1119(1):190–202
  17. Gur RC, Jaggi JL, Ragland JD, Resnick SM, Shtasel D, Muenz L, et al. Effects of memory processing on regional brain activation: cerebral blood flow in normal subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience. 1993;72:31–44
  18. Holcomb HH, Lahti AC, Medoff DR, Weiler M, Dannals RF, Tamminga CA. Brain activation patterns in schizophrenic and comparison volunteers during a matched-performance auditory recognition task. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157(10):1634–1645
  19. Juth P, Lundqvist D, Karlsson A, Ohman A. Looking for foes and friends: perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd. Emotion. 2005;5(4):379–395
  20. Kee KS, Green MF, Mintz J, Brekke JS. Is emotion processing a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2003;29(3):487–497
  21. Kerr SL, Neale JM. Emotion perception in schizophrenia: specific deficit or further evidence of generalized poor performance?. Journal of Abnormal. Psychology. 1993;102(2):312–318
  22. Kober H, Barrett LF, Joseph J, Bliss-Moreau E, Lindquist K, Wager TD. Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage. 2008;42(2):998–1031
  23. Kohler CG, Turner TH, Bilker WB, Brensinger CM, Siegel SJ, Kanes SJ, et al. Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(10):1768–1774
  24. Leppanen JM, Hietanen JK. Affect and face perception: odors modulate the recognition advantage of happy faces. Emotion. 2003;3(4):315–326
  25. Mandal MK, Pandey R, Prasad AB. Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1998;24(3):399–412
  26. Nesse RM. Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London. B. Biological Sciences. 2004;359(1449):1333–1347
  27. Palermo R, Rhodes G. Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(1):75–92
  28. Phillips ML, Bullmore ET, Howard R, Woodruff PW, Wright IC, Williams SC, et al. Investigation of facial recognition memory and happy and sad facial expression perception: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research. 1998;83(3):127–138
  29. Posamentier MT, Abdi H. Processing faces and facial expressions. Neuropsychological Reviews. 2003;13(3):113–143
  30. Rabbitt P. Introduction methodologies and models in the study of executive functions. In:  Rabbitt P editors. Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function Hove. East Sussex, U.K: Psychology Press; 1997;p. 1–38
  31. Reitan RM, Davison LA. Clinical Neuropsychology: Current Status and Applications. New York: Hemisphere; 1974;
  32. Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Mozley PD, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, et al. Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:618–624
  33. Schneider F, Gur RC, Gur RE, Shtasel DL. Emotional processing in schizophrenia: neurobehavioral probes in relation to psychopathology. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;17(1):67–75
  34. Shimamura AP, Ross JG, Bennett HD. Memory for facial expressions: the power of a smile. Psychological Bulletin Reviews. 2006;13(2):217–222
  35. Silver H, Shlomo N. Perception of facial emotions in chronic schizophrenia does not correlate with negative symptoms but correlates with cognitive and motor dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;52(3):265–273
  36. Silver H, Feldman P. Evidence for sustained attention and working memory in schizophrenia sharing a common mechanism. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2005;17:391–398
  37. Silver H, Goodman C. Impairment in error monitoring predicts poor executive function in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia. Research. 2007;94(1–3):156–163
  38. Silver H, Shmoish M. Analysis of cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals with unsupervised clustering models. Psychiatry Research. 2008;159(1–2):167–179
  39. Silver H, Shlomo N, Turner T, Gur RC. Perception of happy and sad facial expressions in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for two evaluative systems. Schizophrenia. Research. 2002;55(1–2):171–177
  40. Silver H, Feldman P, Bilker W, Gur RC. Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(10):1809–1816
  41. Silver H, Goodman C, Knoll G, Isakov V. Brief emotion training improves recognition of facial emotions in chronic schizophrenia. A pilot study. Psychiatry Research. 2004;128(2):147–154Erratum in Psychiatry Research. 2004;129(1):113;Nov 30
  42. Silver H, Goodman C, Knoll G, Isakov V, Modai I. Schizophrenia patients with a history of severe violence differ from nonviolent schizophrenia patients in perception of emotions but not cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66(3):300–308
  43. Silver H, Goodman C, Isakov V, Knoll G, Modai I. A double blind cross over comparison of the effects of amantadine or placebo on visuomotor and cognitive function in medicated schizophrenia patients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2005;20:319–326
  44. Silver H, Goodman C, Bilker W, Gur RC, Isakov V, Knoll G, et al. Impaired error monitoring contributes to face recognition deficit in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;85:151–161
  45. Silver H, Goodman C, Bilker WB, Knoll G, Gur RC, Povar G. Suboptimal processing strategy and working memory impairments predict abstraction deficit in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2007;29(8):823–830
  46. Simpson GM, Angus JW. A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica Supplement. 1970;212:11–19
  47. Vuilleumier P, Pourtois G. Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(1):174–194
  48. Wager TD, Lindquist M, Kaplan L. Meta analysis of functional neuroimaging data: current and future directions. Social Cognitive and affective Neuroscience. 2007;2(2):150–158

PII: S0165-1781(08)00415-0

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.017

Psychiatry Research
Volume 169, Issue 2 , Pages 101-106 , 30 September 2009