Psychiatry Research
Volume 179, Issue 2 , Pages 157-164 , 30 September 2010

Cognitive functioning in subjects with recent-onset psychosis from a low-middle-income environment: Multiple-domain deficits and longitudinal evaluation

  • Adriana de Mello Ayres

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Centro de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital das Clínicas, Travessa da Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, s/n° - 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel.:+55 11 3069 8132; fax: +55 11 3022 6639.
  • ,
  • Marcia Scazufca

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
  • ,
  • Paulo Rossi Menezes

      Affiliations

    • Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
  • ,
  • Eduardo Yoshio Nakano

      Affiliations

    • Department of Statistics, University of Brasília (UNB), Brasília, (DF), Brazil
  • ,
  • Ana Carolina B. Regina

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
  • ,
  • Maristela S. Schaufelberger

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
  • ,
  • Robin M. Murray

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London, UK
  • ,
  • Philip K. McGuire

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London, UK
  • ,
  • Teresa Rushe

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of London, London, UK
  • ,
  • Geraldo F. Busatto

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil

Received 16 April 2009 ,Revised 25 October 2009 ,Accepted 4 November 2009.

References 

  1. Addington J, Brooks BL, Addington D. Cognitive functioning in first-episode psychosis: initial presentation. Schizophrenia Research. 2003;62:59–64
  2. Addington J, Saeedi H, Addington D. The course of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: changes over time and impact on outcome. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;78:35–43
  3. Albus M, Hubmann W, Scherer J, Dreikorn B, Hecht S, Sobizack N, et al. A prospective 2-year follow-up study of neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. European Archives of Clinical Neuroscience. 2002;252(6):262–267Dec
  4. American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. DSM-IV. 4th ed.. Washington (DC): APA; 1994;
  5. Annett M. A classification of hand preference by association analysis. British Journal of Psychology. 1970;61:303–321
  6. Archie S, Rush BR, Akhtar-Danesh N, Norman R, Malla A, Roy P, et al. Substance use and abuse in first-episode psychosis: prevalence before and after early intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2007;33(6):1354–1363
  7. Ayres AM, Busatto GF, Menezes PR, Schaufelberger MS, Coutinho L, Murray RM, et al. Cognitive deficits in first-episode psychosis: a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil. Schizophrenia Research. 2007;90:338–343
  8. Bebbington P, Nayani T. The psychosis screening questionnaire. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1992;5:11–20
  9. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Robinson D, Reiter G, Bell L, Bates JA, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: initial characterization and clinical correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):549–559
  10. Burgess PW, Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton Tests. England: Thames Valley Test Company Limited; 1997;
  11. Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RE. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;24(3):289–298
  12. Dickinson D, Harvey PD. Systemic hypotheses for generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a new take on an old problem. Shizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;32(3):403–414
  13. Dickinson D, Iannone VN, Wilk CM, Gold JM. General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;826–83315, 55 (8)
  14. Erzigkeit H. SKT: a short cognitive performance test for assessing deficits of memory and attention. User`s Manual. 23rd ed.. Erlangen: Geromed; 2001;
  15. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1997;
  16. Gold JM, Green MF. Neurocognition in schizophrenia. In:  Sadock BJ,  Sadock VA editor. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. vol. 8th:Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005;p. 1436–1448
  17. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O`Leary DS, Andreasen N. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  18. Goldberg TE. Some fairly obvious distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 1999;39:127–132Discussion 161–67
  19. Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Greenberg R, Griffin S, Schulz SC, Pickar D, et al. Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on neuropsychological test battery. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:1355–1362
  20. Goldman-Rakic PS. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. In:  Salloway SP,  Malloy PF,  Duffy JD editor. The Frontal Lobes and Neuropsychiatric Illness. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2001;p. 71–82
  21. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1999;25:309–319
  22. Green B, Young R, Kavanagh D. Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;187:306–313
  23. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  24. Harvey PD, Rabinowitz J, Eerdekens M, Davidson M. Treatment of cognitive impairment early psychosis: a comparision of risperidone and haloperidol in a large long-term trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1888–1895
  25. Hill SK, Beers SR, Kmiec JA, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Impairment of verbal memory and learning in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68(2–3):127–136
  26. Hill SK, Keshavan MS, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Neuropsychological dysfunction in antipsychotic-naive first-episode unipolar psychotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(6):996–1003
  27. Hill SK, Schuenpbach D, Herbener ES, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Pretreatment and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological deficits in antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68(1):49–63
  28. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Logitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):1336–1341
  29. Hopper K, Wanderling J. Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative follow up project: International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2000;26(4):835–846
  30. Hutton SB, Puri BK, Duncan LJ, Robbins TW, Barnes TR, Joyce EM. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 1998;28(2):463–473
  31. Joyce EM, Hutton SB, Mutsatsa SH, Barnes TR. Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;187:516–522
  32. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  33. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Harvey PD, Davis SM, Palmer BW, Gold JM, et al. Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the Catie schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(9):2033–2046
  34. Keefe RS, Sweeney JA, Gu H, Hamer RM, Perkins DO, McEvoy JP, et al. Effects of olanzapina, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparision. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164(7):1061–1071
  35. Menezes PR, Mann AH. Mortality among patients with non-affective functional psychoses in a metropolitan area of south-eastern Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública. 1996;30(4):304–309
  36. Menezes PR, Scazufca M, Busatto G, Coutinho LM, Murray RM. Incidence of first-contact psychosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement. 2007;51:102–106
  37. Mohamed S, Paulsen JS, O`Leary D, Arndt S, Andreasen N. Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56(8):749–754
  38. Mojtabai R, Bromet EJ, Harvey PD, Carlson GA, Craig TJ, Fenning S. Neuropsychological differences between first-admission schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:1453–1460
  39. Murray R, Van Os J, Zanelli J, Cannon M, McDonald C. A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;71:405–416
  40. Nopoulos P, Flashman L, Flaum M, Arndt S, Andreasen N. Stability of cognitive functioning early in the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1994;14(1):29–37
  41. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Gitlin MJ, Ventura J, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS, et al. Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1992;18(3):387–425
  42. Riley EM, McGovern D, Mockler D, Doku VC, OC S, Fannon DG, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode psychosis — evidence of specific deficits. Schizophrenia Research. 2000;47–5525, 43(1)
  43. Rund BR, Melle I, Friis S, Larsen TK, Midboe LJ, Opjordsmoen S, et al. Neurocognitive function in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):466–472
  44. Saykin AJ, Gur RE, Mozley PD, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, Kester B, et al. Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48(7):618–624
  45. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P, et al. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51(2):124–131
  46. Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Meyer SM, Kingery LR, Testa SM, Munro CA, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;179–18615, 62 (2)
  47. Silver H, Feldman P, Bilker W, Gur R. Working memory as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:1809–1816
  48. Spreen O, Strauss E. A compendium of neuropsychological tests. In: Controlled Oral Word Association (FAS). New York: Oxford University Press; 1998;p. 447–464
  49. Sweeney JA, Haas GL, Keilp JG, Long M. Evaluation of the stability of neuropsychological functioning after acute episodes of schizophrenia: one-year follow up study. Psychiatry Research. 1991;38(1):63–76
  50. Toulopoulouand T, Murray R. Verbal memory deficit in patients with schizophrenia: an important future target for treatment. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2004;4(1):43–52
  51. Wechsler, D., 1997. Wechsler Memory Scale — Third Edition (WMS-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation/Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio, TX.
  52. Wechsler, D., 1999. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation/Harcourt Brace & Company, San Antonio, TX.
  53. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–435

PII: S0165-1781(09)00415-6

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.001

Psychiatry Research
Volume 179, Issue 2 , Pages 157-164 , 30 September 2010