Psychiatry Research RSS feed: Current Issue. The journal provides very rapid publication of short but complete research reports in the field of psychiatry. The scope of the journal encompasses: (1) Biochemical, physiological, genetic, psychological, and social determinants of human behavior; (2) assessment of human behavior and subjective state; (3) evaluation of somatic and non-somatic psychiatric treatments. In addition, reports of clinically related basic studies in the fields of neuropharmacology, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, electrophysiology, psychology, genetics, and brain imaging are published. Significant methodological advances such as instrumentation, clinical scales, and assays directly applicable to psychiatric research are also appropriate. Brief reviews, theoretical contributions, and letters to the editor will be considered. http://www.psy-journal.com/?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Psychiatry Research0165-17811951-230 January 2012 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178112000261/abstract?rss=yesEditorial Board10.1016/S0165-1781(12)00026-1Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2012-01-30Psychiatry Research2012-01-301951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7IFCIFChttp://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005683/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether a specific type of source monitoring, namely self-monitoring for actions (differentiation between imagined and performed actions), is disrupted in schizophrenia. Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=32) and healthy participants (n=32) were assessed with an action memory task. Simple actions were presented to the participants either verbally (short instructions) or nonverbally (icons). Some of the items required participants to physically perform the action whereas other actions had to be imagined. In the recognition phase of the study, participants were asked whether an action was previously displayed (verbally or nonverbally), whether it was a new action (not presented before), and if they had performed or imagined the action. In addition, participants were asked how confident they were in their decision. Participants in the group with schizophrenia significantly more often misattributed imagined actions as performed and vice versa and were more convinced about their wrong decision than participants in the control group. Patients revealed worse recognition for both verbal and nonverbal actions. In accordance with prior studies, we found that patients were less confident in their correct answers than healthy subjects. However, no enhanced confidence in incorrect answers was found. There was no observed significant relationship between source misattributions and the severity of psychopathological symptoms. Our findings suggest tentatively general source monitoring deficits in schizophrenia.Impaired discrimination between imagined and performed actions in schizophreniaŁukasz Gawęda, Steffen Moritz, Andrzej Kokoszka10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.035Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia18http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS016517811100521X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Face and body perception rely on common processing mechanisms and activate similar but not identical brain networks. Patients with schizophrenia show impaired face perception, and the present study addressed for the first time body perception in this group. Seventeen patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were compared to 17 healthy controls on standardized tests assessing basic face perception skills (identity discrimination, memory for faces, recognition of facial affect). A matching-to-sample task including emotional and neutral faces, bodies and cars either in an upright or in an inverted position was administered to assess potential category-specific performance deficits and impairments of configural processing. Relative to healthy controls, schizophrenia patients showed poorer performance on the tasks assessing face perception skills. In the matching-to-sample task, they also responded more slowly and less accurately than controls, regardless of the stimulus category. Accuracy analysis showed significant inversion effects for faces and bodies across groups, reflecting configural processing mechanisms; however reaction time analysis indicated evidence of reduced inversion effects regardless of category in schizophrenia patients. The magnitude of the inversion effects was not related to clinical symptoms. Overall, the data point towards reduced configural processing, not only for faces but also for bodies and cars in individuals with schizophrenia.Face and body perception in schizophrenia: A configural processing deficit?Denise Soria Bauser, Patrizia Thoma, Victoria Aizenberg, Martin Brüne, Georg Juckel, Irene Daum10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.017Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia917http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005312/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Previous studies have reported facial emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenic patients, as well as abnormalities in the N170 component of the event-related potential. Current research on schizophrenia highlights the importance of complexly-inherited brain-based deficits. In order to examine the N170 markers of face structural and emotional processing, DSM-IV diagnosed schizophrenia probands (n=13), unaffected first-degree relatives from multiplex families (n=13), and control subjects (n=13) matched by age, gender and educational level, performed a categorization task which involved words and faces with positive and negative valence. The N170 component, while present in relatives and control subjects, was reduced in patients, not only for faces, but also for face–word differences, suggesting a deficit in structural processing of stimuli. Control subjects showed N170 modulation according to the valence of facial stimuli. However, this discrimination effect was found to be reduced both in patients and relatives. This is the first report showing N170 valence deficits in relatives. Our results suggest a generalized deficit affecting the structural encoding of faces in patients, as well as the emotion discrimination both in patients and relatives. Finally, these findings lend support to the notion that cortical markers of facial discrimination can be validly considered as vulnerability markers.The face and its emotion: Right N170 deficits in structural processing and early emotional discrimination in schizophrenic patients and relativesAgustín Ibáñez, Rodrigo Riveros, Esteban Hurtado, Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Hugo Urquina, Eduar Herrera, Lucía Amoruso, Migdyrai Martin Reyes, Facundo Manes10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.027Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia1826http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005695/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of schizophrenia patients' strategic use of learning time allocation during encoding, and determine whether they are able to use their monitoring and previous performances to adapt their learning behavior efficiently. Schizophrenia is considered to be a pathology of consciousness as well as being associated with impaired awareness of cognitive processes. In this study, after a learning session, individuals may express a Judgment of Learning (JOL), which reflects their sense of being able to retrieve the information later and which forms the basis for their decision whether or not to carry on learning. The introspective abilities of schizophrenia patients and subsequent strategic control of study time during the encoding of easy or difficult word pairs were investigated in 23 patients and 23 healthy comparison subjects. In spite of their memory impairment, patients were able to judge the difficulty of the word pairs with accuracy and adapt their learning time accordingly. Schizophrenia patients are sensitive to difficulty when rating JOLs and afterwards controlling study time. Monitoring their knowledge at the start helped patients to adapt their learning efficiently. These findings may be of value for cognitive remediation.Evidence of some strategic preservation of episodic learning in patients with schizophreniaFlavien Thuaire, Marie Izaute, Elisabeth Bacon10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.036Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia2731http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS016517811100535X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Recovery of social functioning is a largely unattained goal in schizophrenia rehabilitation. In the recent past, new neurocognitive and social cognitive training approaches have been introduced to improve functioning in various domains of patients' social life. These programs have neglected, to some degree, the social environment in which the training takes place. Accordingly, the present study sought to examine if family-assisted social cognitive training could improve quality of life, social functioning and social cognition in schizophrenia patients as compared to a social stimulation approach. In a randomized, controlled, parallel group trial design with two groups, one receiving family-assisted social cognitive training once a week (F-SCIT) and the other, social stimulation once every three weeks (SS), both for 14-weeks period, patients were assessed at baseline, before randomization and 16weeks after randomization. Participants were recruited from Celal Bayar University Psychosis Unit and were in a clinically stable condition. Patients who received F-SCIT significantly improved in quality of life, social functioning and social cognition, whereas the SS group worsened in nearly all outcome variables. Family-assisted SCIT is effective in improving quality of life, social functioning and social cognition.Impact of family involvement on social cognition training in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia — A randomized pilot studyCumhur Tas, Aysen E. Danaci, Zeynep Cubukcuoglu, Martin Brüne10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.031Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia3238http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005130/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Heightened stress sensitivity is a common characteristic of schizophrenia and may be predictive of clinical and functional outcomes. However, systematic assessment is not part of routine clinical practice. This study investigated the reliability and predictive values of two versions of a new scale for the assessment of psychological stress in psychosis (Psychological Stress Index; PSI). Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 30 healthy controls completed a battery of self-report measures at baseline and 4–8weeks for test–retest. Thirty-four patients were followed up at 12months. Both of the 18-item and 9-item PSI demonstrated good levels of reliability and could significantly discriminate patients from healthy controls. Both versions showed moderate convergence with self-report and clinician ratings of depression and anxiety, and superior predictive validity of 12-month follow-up clinical and functional outcomes compared to an existing measure of stress (Perceived Stress Scale). The clinical usefulness of the PSI is supported by its predictive power on cross-sectional and longitudinal outcome. The PSI-9 performed as well as, if not better than, the PSI-18 in this study, but further evaluation is warranted for more conclusive comparison.Self-assessment of psychological stress in schizophrenia: Preliminary evidence of reliability and validityIvy Fei Tso, Tyler Barrett Grove, Stephan Floyd Taylor10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.009Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Schizophrenia3944http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005774/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: No prospective studies of first psychotic episodes have explored sex differences in smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of sex and substance abuse on smoking cessation during an 8-year follow-up of patients after a first psychotic episode. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with smoking cessation by sex. To examine for sex variable interactions, the following two methods were used: 1) for other clinical variables, mixed analyses were calculated; and 2) for use of other substances, logistic regression models were performed only in the substance users. At baseline, 79% of men and 84% of women were current smokers. Lower smoking cessation after 8years was associated with female sex (odds ratio, OR=0.30; 95% confidence intervals, CIs=0.12–0.75) and treatment with typical antipsychotics (OR=0.30, CIs=0.10–0.93). In a logistic regression model of alcohol users, those who used alcohol continuously were less likely to stop smoking (adjusted OR=0.22, CI=0.05–1.0). Among patients who continued using cannabis, female sex was associated with significant lower smoking cessation (adjusted OR=0.03, CI=0.001–0.77). Sex may act as a moderator in smoking cessation after a first psychotic episode. Smoking cessation interventions in these patients should consider sex differences and comorbidity with alcohol and cannabis use.Psychosis and smoking cessation: Difficulties in quitting associated with sex and substance abuseAna González-Pinto, Susana Alberich, Sonia Ruiz de Azúa, Mónica Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, Miryam Fernández, Miguel Gutiérrez, Margarita Saenz, Ariadna Besga, Paloma Galdós, Jose de Leon10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.005Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7First episode psychosis4550http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005294/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Psychoeducation has proved to be an effective treatment method for the prevention of relapse in recurrent depression. However, little is known about the processes which could account for the effects of psychoeducational treatment. In this study, patients with recurrent depression (currently remitted) received, over a period of 8months, 16 sessions of psychoeducational treatment, in order to prevent relapse. Therapist adherence and competence, and the therapeutic alliance, were investigated as predictors of reducing the recurrence risk in depression. Videotapes of 43 participants in a psychoeducational treatment for depression were analyzed, in order to evaluate therapist adherence and competence. Additionally, the therapeutic alliance was assessed by means of a questionnaire. One year after treatment, no associations were found between therapist adherence or competence and the risk of relapse. The patients' view of the therapeutic alliance was moderately associated with the time to relapse. However, the correlation disappeared when controlled for the number of previous depressive episodes. The latter was the most important predictor of time to relapse, explaining 15% of variance.Relapses in recurrent depression 1year after psychoeducational treatment: The role of therapist adherence and competence, and the therapeutic allianceFlorian Weck, Maria Weigel, Martin Hautzinger, Arnd Barocka, Ralf G.M. Schlösser, Ulrich Stangier10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.025Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Depressive disorder5155http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005750/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: In anorexia nervosa (AN), body distortions have been associated with parietal cortex (PC) dysfunction. The PC is also the anatomical substrate of a supramodal reference framework involved in spatial orientation constancy. Given the impaired spatial orientation constancy found in hemineglect, we sought to determine whether similar disturbances could be observed in anorexic patients. We investigated the effect of passive lateral body inclination on the tactile subjective vertical (SV). Fifty participants (25 AN patients and 25 healthy controls) were asked to manually set a rod into the vertical position under three postural conditions. For tilted conditions, we observed a significant deviation of the tactile SV towards the body. This effect was abnormally accentuated in AN patients and might be caused by higher weighting with respect to the egocentric frame of reference. Our findings reinforce the role of the PC in AN and suggest that this dysfunction affects spatial orientation constancy as well as body boundaries.Spatial orientation constancy is impaired in anorexia nervosaDewi Guardia, Olivier Cottencin, Pierre Thomas, Vincent Dodin, Marion Luyat10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.003Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2012-01-30Psychiatry Research2012-01-301951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Anorexia nervosa5659http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005658/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Previous research suggests a dysregulation of immune-to-brain communication in the pathophysiology of somatization syndromes (multiple somatoform symptoms). We compared blood levels of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neopterin between 23 patients with somatization syndromes (Somatoform Symptom Index-8, SSI-8), 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 23 patients with major depression. No group differences were found for IL-1ra and IL-6. While TNF-α was increased in both clinical groups, neopterin was only increased in somatization syndromes. Correlational analyses revealed that neopterin tended to be related to somatoform pain complaints in patients with somatization syndromes. This study is the first to demonstrate increased levels of TNF-α and neopterin in patients with somatization syndromes without a diagnosis of depression, which may support a role of immune alterations in somatization syndromes. Neopterin is a reliable indicator for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which was identified as the only cytokine that induces significant production of neopterin. Considering recent research indicating that IFN-γ can lead to increased neuronal responsiveness and body perceptions by reducing inhibitory tone in the dorsal horn, the observed association between somatization syndromes and neopterin might support the idea of central sensitization in the pathogenesis of somatoform symptoms.Psychobiological aspects of somatization syndromes: Contributions of inflammatory cytokines and neopterinFrank Euteneuer, Markus J. Schwarz, Anika Hennings, Sabine Riemer, Theresa Stapf, Verena Selberdinger, Winfried Rief10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.032Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Somatization syndromes6065http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS016517811100566X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A significant season of birth effect on mood seasonality has been detected in young adults, with higher sensitivity to seasonal changes for people born during spring or summer months (long photoperiod) than those born during autumn or winter months (short photoperiod). The aim of this study was to verify whether the birth season effect on mood seasonality is already present in late childhood and adolescence. To this end, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SPAQ-CA) was administered to 1523 Italian participants (870 females, 653 males), ranging from 10 to 17years of age. The Global Seasonality Score (GSS) was computed as a measure of mood seasonality. Analysis of covariance showed a significant season of birth effect on GSS; although no comparisons were significant when Tukey's posthoc test for unequal samples was performed, it was observed that adolescents born in summer achieved the highest scores while those born in winter obtained the lowest. The present data point out that a significant season of birth effect on mood seasonality is already present in late childhood and adolescence.Season of birth and mood seasonality in late childhood and adolescenceLorenzo Tonetti, Marco Fabbri, Monica Martoni, Vincenzo Natale10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.033Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Season of birth6668http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005324/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: While schizophrenia has been associated with a slight excess of winter/early spring birth, it is unclear whether there is such an association in relation to schizotypal personality traits. Season of birth has also been reported to relate to temperament and character personality dimensions and cognitive functioning. Moreover, non-clinical schizotypy has been shown to be associated with mild cognitive impairment, although its precise nature is yet to be elucidated. Here we examined the relationships between season of birth, schizotypal traits, temperament and character, and cognitive function. Four hundred and fifty-one healthy adults completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and a neuropsychological test battery consisting of full versions of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, were also administered to most of the participants. The total SPQ score of those born in winter was significantly higher than that of the remaining participants. Season of birth was not significantly associated with any of the TCI dimensions or cognitive test results. Significant but mild relationships between higher SPQ scores and lower scores on some aspects of IQ were observed. These results support the notion that schizotypy and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental conditions on the same continuum.Relationships between season of birth, schizotypy, temperament, character and neurocognition in a non-clinical populationHiroaki Hori, Toshiya Teraishi, Daimei Sasayama, Junko Matsuo, Yumiko Kawamoto, Yukiko Kinoshita, Hiroshi Kunugi10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.028Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Season of birth6975http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111004987/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Determining the exact duration of seizure activity is an important factor for predicting the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In most cases, seizure duration is estimated manually by observing the electroencephalogram (EEG) waveform. In this article, we propose a method based on sample entropy (SampEn) that automatically detects the termination time of an ECT-induced seizure. SampEn decreases during seizure activity and has its smallest value at the boundary of seizure termination. SampEn reflects not only different states of regularity and complexity in the EEG but also changes in EEG amplitude before and after seizure activity. Using SampEn, we can more precisely determine seizure termination time and total seizure duration.Automatic detection of seizure termination during electroconvulsive therapy using sample entropy of the electroencephalogramCheol Seung Yoo, Dong Chung Jung, Yong Min Ahn, Yong Sik Kim, Su-Gyeong Kim, Hyeri Yoon, Young Jin Lim, Sang Hoon Yi10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.020Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Methodology7682http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005725/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The present study included a total 261 patients with schizophrenia and 261 healthy controls to replicate the genetic association between the cathechol-o-methyltransferase gene and schizophrenia using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging. The G-G-G haplotype was found to show a highly significant association with schizophrenia.COMT haplotype analyses in Malaysians with schizophreniaShiau Foon Tee, Pek Yee Tang, Han Chern Loh10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.039Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Brief reports8384http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005300/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: In the past 20years, war and human rights violations have led to high rates of exposure to traumatic events among the Iraqi population. Due to the ongoing violence, many physicians and mental health professionals have left Iraq in recent years. The Internet offers new possibilities for the psychological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in conflict areas. A therapist-supported cognitive-behavioral treatment manual that has been evaluated in Western countries was translated into Arabic and culturally adapted. The treatment was conducted via the Internet by Arabic-speaking therapists and was evaluated in an uncontrolled pilot study with 15 participants. Main outcome measures were PTSD (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS)), depression, anxiety (Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25)), and quality of life (EUROHIS). The intervention resulted in a highly significant decrease in symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Quality of life was higher at posttreatment. All treatment effect sizes were in the large range, indicating a significant improvement in mental health symptoms and quality of life. Preliminary clinical evidence indicates that new technologies can be used to provide humanitarian aid in the form of e-mental health services, even in areas that remain highly unstable.Efficacy of an Internet-based intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq: A pilot studyBirgit Wagner, Wassima Schulz, Christine Knaevelsrud10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.026Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Brief reports8588http://www.psy-journal.com/article/PIIS0165178111005087/abstract?rss=yesSexual dimorphism in cognitive function has been widely demonstrated in healthy subjects; typically, healthy females outperform males on verbal abilities, whereas males exhibit superiority over females on visuo-spatial tasks (). In contrast, studies have not always revealed these sex differences in cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that the disorders might be characterized by a disturbed cognitive sexual dimorphism (). Overall, investigations of sex differences in cognitive function in schizophrenia have demonstrated marked variability; some studies have found no differences between male and female patients, while others have detected greater cognitive deficits in men with schizophrenia or in women with schizophrenia depending on the nature of the tasks, clinical status, etc. reported that sex differences in cognition are mostly similar in schizophrenia to those in control participants. In their study, healthy men outperformed women on a visual working memory task: the Visual Span Backward subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. The difference between males (6.5±2.3) and females (6.3±2.0) in the schizophrenia group reached a very small effect size (Cohen'sd=−0.11). This result is consistent with our study () and with Minor and Park's results (), which failed to report differences between women and men with schizophrenia in spatial working memory tasks. In our study, spatial working memory performance was assessed using the Spatial Working Memory test (SWM) of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). The SWM is a test of the subject's ability to retain spatial information and to manipulate remembered items in working memory. This task is particularly interesting since the results are not only interpreted according to the global performances (i.e. the number or correct or false responses) but maybe analyzed with respect to the cognitive strategies underlying these performances. In our sample of patients with schizophrenia, different profiles of errors were associated with the strategy used according to gender, despite the lack of difference in the number of errors between men and women. The worsening of strategy in men was principally due to central executive deficits compared to women with schizophrenia. These results highlight the significance of using tests differentiating strategies whatever the global performance. In fact, differences between women and men could be missed if error scores alone are taken into account. Strategies during cognitive tasks have to be analysed to better understand the differences between females and males when they perform these tasks.Differentiating men and women with schizophrenia according to their cognitive profilesLaurent Lecardeur, Adrianna Mendrek10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.004Psychiatry Research 195, 1 (2012)2011-10-24Psychiatry Research2011-10-241951-2S0165-1781(12)X0002-7Letter to the Editor8989